Mussolini Benito (azichepetsa): yonena. Wopondereza Italy

Mu kamudzi Italy Dovia, July 29, 1883, mwana wa wosula m'dera Alessandro Mussolini ndi Rosa Maltoni mphunzitsi woyamba mwana anabadwa. Iye anapatsidwa dzina la Benito. Patapita zaka, mnyamata wa khungu loderapo kuti zankhanza wolamulira, m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa wa lopondereza Party wa Italy, analumphira dziko mu nthawi ovuta kwambiri za ulamuliro wankhanza ndi kupondereza ndale.

Youth wopondereza tsogolo

Alessandro anali kulowa wolimbikira ntchito ndi banja lake anali ndi chuma kuti analola kukonza wamng'ono Mussolini Benito mu sukulu Catholic mu mzinda wa Faenza. Polandira maphunziro a sekondale, iye anayamba kuphunzitsa mu sukulu za pulayimale, koma mtundu uwu wa moyo akatundu ake, ndipo mu 1902 mphunzitsi wachinyamata masamba kwa Switzerland. Pa nthawi imeneyo Geneva linadzaza ndi othawa ndale, Pakati zonse imazungulira ndi Benito Mussolini. Books K. Kautsky, PA Kropotkin, Marx ndi Chichewa mesmerizing zotsatira m'maganizo mwake.

Koma kuganiza wamphamvu opangidwa ndi ntchito ya Nietzsche ndi lingaliro lake la "Chitsulo". Kamodzi pa nthaka yachonde, zinachititsa mu chikhulupiriro kuti iye - Benito Mussolini - tidzayesedwa kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu. Chiphunzitso, chimene anthu yafupika mlingo wa pedestal osankhidwa atsogoleri, walandiridwa iwo ndilipo. Iwo sanali chifukwa kukayikira ndi kutanthauzira kwa nkhondo monga chiwonetsero apamwamba mzimu anthu. Motero zinaoneka maziko maganizo mtsogoleri tsogolo la lopondereza Party.

Bwererani ku Italy

Posachedwa kupanduka Socialist anachotsedwa Switzerland, ndipo ayambanso kunyumba. Apa iye amakhala membala wa Socialist Party wa Italy ndi bwinobwino amayesetsa dzanja lake pa utolankhani. Phokoso kwaiye yaing'ono nyuzipepala "Maphunziro Kulimbana" lofalitsidwa makamaka nkhani yake imene heatedly anadzudzula mabungwe a anthu bourgeois. Pakati misa malo wolemba uyu amakumana kukondweretsa, ndipo posakhalitsa makope nyuzipepala kawiri. Mu 1910, Mussolini Benito anasankhidwa kazembe msonkhano wotsatira wa Socialist Party, umene unachitikira ku Milan.

Nthawi imeneyi dzina la Mussolini kuyamba kuwonjezera ndi manambala oyambirira "azichepetsa" - mtsogoleri. Ndi okweza kwambiri zachabechabe wake. Patapita zaka ziwiri, anapatsidwa wopita limba chapakati cha Socialists - "Avanti" nyuzipepala ( "Forward!"). Zinali tumphatumpha yaikulu patsogolo ntchito yake. Tsopano, izo zimatsegula mwayi kutsatira nkhani zawo kwa anthu onse multimillion la Italy. Ndipo Mussolini kwakukuru athane ndi ichi. Apa zidzaululika kwathunthu talente yake mtolankhani. Wokwanira kuti m'zaka chimodzi ndi theka, iye anatha kuonjezera makope a nyuzipepala kasanu. Anakhala wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko.

Care a msasa Socialist

Pasanapite nthawi ndi yopuma wake ndi mabwenzi awo akale. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, achinyamata Mussolini walunjika nyuzipepala "Anthu a Italy," womwe, ngakhale dzina lake, amasonyeza zofuna za bourgeoisie zazikulu ndi oligarchy mafakitale. Mu chaka chomwecho izo anabadwa mwana wapathengo wa Benito Mussolini - Benito Albino. Anali kuyembekezera kutsirizitsa masiku ake chipatala cha amisala, pamene wamwalira ndi amake - lamulo mkazi, tsogolo wolamulira Ida Daltser. Patapita nthawi, Mussolini kukwatira Rachele Gaudi, ndi amene adzakhala ndi ana asanu.

Mu 1915, Italy, masitolo mpaka nthawi imeneyo ndale, analowa nkhondo. Mussolini Benito, ngati ambiri a m'dzikoli anzake anali kutsogolo. Mu February 1917, nditatha miyezi khumi, ndi azichepetsa anali malo kuvulazidwa ndi kubwerera ku ntchito zawo zakale. Patapita miyezi iwiri, ndi chosayembekezeka: Italy zowawa linagonja Asilikali Austria.

Kubadwa kwa lopondereza Party

Koma tsoka lawo, yomwe ndalama masauzande moyo, watumikira monga kutsogolera kwa Mussolini panjira mphamvu. anamenyela posachedwapa, anthu okwiya ndi kutha ndi nkhondo, izo amalenga bungwe lotchedwa "Nkhondo Union." Mu Italy izo zikumveka "Fashio de A kombattimento". Izi ndi "Fashio" ndipo dzina la kayendedwe ka kwambiri woipa mtima - Fascism.

The yoyamba kukomana lalikulu la anthu ogwirizana unachitikira March 23, 1919. Mu zinatengera za zana anthu ankapita. Kwa masiku asanu, ife anamva mawu kufunika kwa chitsitsimutso cha ukulu wakale Italy ndi zofunika zambiri kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu m'dziko. Anthu a m'gulu latsopanoli, ankadzitcha achifasizimu zimakambidwa malankhulidwe awo Italy onse, amazindikira kufunika kwa kusintha kwakukulu mu moyo wa boma.

Anazi mu mphamvu mu dziko

apilo ofanana zathandiza, ndipo posakhalitsa azichepetsa anasankhidwa kukhala yamalamulo, kumene mipando sate-faifi a Nazi. chipani chawo inali yololedwa mwalamulo mu November 1921, ndipo mtsogoleri wawo anali Mussolini Benito. The achifasizimu tithe kutsanulira anthu onse atsopano. Mu October 1927, ndi ndime ya otsatira ake tikudzipereka ambirimbiri aziyendera wotchuka Rome zinachititsa kuti Mussolini akukhala nduna yaikulu ndi magawo okha mphamvu ndi Mfumu Viktorom Emmanuilom III. Nduna za Atumiki aumbike yekha ndi mamembala a lopondereza Party. Mwaluso zikugwira, Mussolini anali wokhoza tipezekemo thandizo zochita zawo Papa ndi 1929 Vatican anakhala boma palokha.

Amenyane dissent

Fascism, Benito Mussolini anapitiriza kulimbitsa motsutsa likhale kupondereza timapangira ndale - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya m'maulamuliro onse opondereza. "A wapadera chitetezo la boma kuweruza" unakhazikitsidwa, amene ali woyenera kupondereza dissent iliyonse. Asanabwere ake, kuyambira 1927 kuti 1943, ankaona milandu kuposa 21,000.

Ngakhale kuti anakhalabe pa mpando wachifumu wa mfumu, mphamvu zonse anali anaikira mu manja a azichepetsa. Iye anatsogolera pa nthawi yomweyo, mautumiki asanu, anali nduna yaikulu, mutu wa chipanichi ndipo ambiri mabungwe yazamalamulo. Iye anatha kuthetsa pafupifupi onse malire oyendetsera dziko mphamvu zake. Mu Italy, ulamuliro wa boma wapolisi. Pamwamba pa lamulo linaperekedwa loletsa dziko zipani zina zandale ndi Kulipira chisankho mwachindunji.

propaganda andale

Pamene aliyense wolamulira Mussolini Ufumuyo chofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsa gulu. Ku mbali iyi, izo lakwaniritsa bwino ndithu, monga adalamula Iye ankagwira ntchito atolankhani ndipo katswiri njira yaikulu kuzunza misa. Kutatsala iye ndi kampeni mbali propaganda anatenga ambiri kwambiri. Zithunzi azichepetsa wodzazidwa masamba a manyuzipepala ndi magazini, kuonera ndi likundikanikizira chithunzi ndi timabuku, chokongoletsedwa bokosi la chokoleti ndi ma CD mankhwala. Onse Italy anadzazidwa ndi zithunzi za Benito Mussolini. Quotes zokamba ake lingafanane lalikulu zedi.

mapulogalamu Social ndi polimbana Mafia ndi

Koma wanzeru ndi kutali akuthwa, azichepetsa ankadziwa kuti pantchito yonena wokhalitsa ndi anthu kupanga ndalama. Pa nkhani imeneyi, wakhala akupangidwa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa pulogalamu kukweza chuma dziko ndi kusintha miyezo ya moyo wa ku Italy. Choyamba, ife takhala akuyendera njira kulimbana ulova, adzakhala bwino kuwonjezera ntchito. Monga mbali ya pulogalamu yake mu nthawi yochepa linamangidwa zoposa zikwi zisanu asanu minda ya zaulimi ndi mizinda. Chifukwa chaichi, ife anapanga kukhetsa ndi Pontine m'madambo, m'gawo lalikulu kuti kwa zaka ankaimira kukuchitika malungo.

Chifukwa imachitika motsogozedwa ndi dziko reclamation pulogalamu Mussolini, dziko apeza pafupifupi mamiliyoni eyiti mahekitala olimapo. Sevente-eyiti sauzande wamba ku madera osauka kwambiri mu dziko awalandira m'madera chonde. M'zaka zisanu ndi zitatu za ulamuliro wake chiwerengero cha zipatala mu Italy kanayi. Chifukwa ndondomeko chikhalidwe anathamangitsa mwa iwo, Mussolini unayamba mwaulemu osati dziko lake komanso atsogoleri a mayiko kutsogolera dziko. Mu ulamuliro wake, ndi azichepetsa ankatha kuchita zosatheka - pafupi anawononga wotchuka Sicilian Mafia.

zikulumikizana nkhondo ndi Germany ndi kulowa mu nkhondo

Mu mfundo yachilendo, Mussolini anaberekera Zolinga za chitsitsimutso mu Ufumu wa Roma. Zochita izi zinachititsa ndi kulanda onyamula zida a Ethiopia, Albania ndi madera ena a ku Mediterranean. Pa Chisipanishi Civil nkhondo Mussolini anatumiza gulu lalikulu kuthandiza General Franco. Zinali nthawi imeneyi anayamba amapha iye rapprochement ndi Hitler, komanso kuthandiza nationalists Spanish. Pomaliza, ukwati wawo unakhazikitsidwa mu 1937 akuchezeredwa kuti Mussolini ku Germany.

Mu 1939, pakati Germany ndi Italy anasaina mgwirizano pa mapeto a kudzitchinjiriza ndipo amanyansidwa mgwirizano, zomwe zinachititsa June 10, 1940 Italy amalowa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. asilikali Mussolini akutenga mbali mu ntchito ya France ndi kuukira madera British mu Africa East, ndipo mu October kugonjetsa Greece. Koma posakhalitsa kupambana kwa masiku oyamba a nkhondo anagwetsa kulephera owawa. Asilikali a odana ndi Hitler Mgwirizano anapita zochita mbali zonse, ndi ku Italy anali kuthawa, kutaya pamaso pa gawo anagwidwa ndi kumapitiriza imfa lolemera. Kuti zoipa vutolo, July 10, 1943 British analanda mbali ya Sicily.

Kutha kwa wolamulira wa

poyamba anali m'malo mwa chilengedwe changu misa kusakhutira. Utsogoleri mlandu wa ndale yochepa sightedness, chifukwa cha zomwe dziko makhalidwe nkhondo. Tinakumbukira ndi kudzitengera mphamvu ndi yimitsira wa dissent, ndi miscalculations onse mu ndondomeko zoweta ndi achilendo, amene analola pamaso Benito Mussolini. Azichepetsa unachotsedwa ndi anzake yake yochokera posts awo onse ndipo anamangidwa. Pamaso pa mlanduwo, iye unachitikira mu imodzi mwa mahotela phiri, koma chandalama ndi paratroopers German molamulidwa ndi wotchuka Otto Skorzeny. Atangochoka ntchito German la Italy.

Tsoka anapereka mwayi kwa azichepetsa kale nthawi mutu boma zidole inaimika Hitler Republic. Koma denouement itayandikira. Kumapeto kwa April 1945 wopondereza kale ndi mbuye wake Clara Petacci anagwidwa ndi partisans poyesa ndi gulu la anzake kusiya Italy mozemba.

Kuphedwa kwa Benito Mussolini ndi bwenzi ake adamtsata ndi April 28. Iwo anawomberedwa wa kunja kwa mudzi wa Mezzegra. Kenako matupi awo anawatengera ku Milan ndipo anapachikidwa ndi mapazi awo lalikulu m'tawuni. Choncho anamaliza masiku ake Benito Mussolini yonena kuti chinachake ndithudi lapadera, koma ambiri lililonse chifukwa ambiri a olamulira.