White Movement: zifukwa kugonjetsedwa mu Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni

Mwina nkhani ya la Civil Nkhondo Russia kuphunzira kwambiri matebulo tsamba yokumbukira dziko. zochitika izi kutikumbutsa zimene sayenera kuloledwa Mulimonsemo, kwa gulu la nkhondo - kwambiri opusa, nkhanza wamagazi. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma zochitika izi kumizidwa mu whirlpool wa mbiri. Koma iwo anasiya lochititsa chidwi chiwerengero cha nkhani. Mmodzi chidwi kwambiri ndi zofunika: "N'chifukwa anataya White kayendedwe" zifukwa kugonjetsedwa ndi, "azungu" adzatha kulongosola mawu ochepa, zimenezi zinachititsa ya zinthu zomwe ali akumane nawo.

m'malo kulowa

Oddly zokwanira, koma mosavuta mbiri zakulekanitsani "ofiira", "woyera" ndi "wobiriwira" panthawi ya nkhondo pafupifupi kwina. Chifukwa chiyani? Pa nthawi imene pali matenda oopsa, munthu n'zovuta mwapadera agwirizane chipani chilichonse. pali mazana "woyembekezera" munthu pa "maganizo" wotsatira wa mafumu kapena ulimi. Ndipo ndizo zabwino, kuyambira zikatero analipo nthawi zonse ndi ulamuliro wina uliwonse.

N'zosavuta kusintha malangizo a nkhondo, osati kokha osakwatiwa, koma ngakhale lonse la asilikali! Ndipo ambiri kupita mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo kangapo nkhondo.

Mfundo za "Red Mantha"

Mu malo ambiri masiku ano chimodzi mwa zifukwa zamphamvu kwambiri kwa kugonjetsedwa kwa "azungu" ndi "yotopetsa mantha wofiira" omwe ankati "anaponyera miyendo yawo mantha dziko." Kalanga, mantha anali. Amene amachita basi ake magulu onse nkhondo, ndipo si koyenera kufunafuna mwa iwo "bwino" ndi "cholakwika". Pa nthawi imene anthu wamba walephera, pamene pali mlingo kuweruza mavuto, anthu Palibe vuto, choncho n'zosavuta kupita miyezo poipa kwambiri.

Komanso, tisaganize kuti dera lonse woyambawo Russian Ufumu mwadzidzidzi anatembenuka m'ng'anjo woyaka kusintha, poyamba ofiira ndi oyera anali zilumba yaing'ono atazunguliridwa ndi nyanja labwinobwino inert mwamtheradi Unyinji wa anthu wamba a. Ndi zopusa kuti ndinene, koma ofiira ndi oyera (osati kutchula "matope wobiriwira") ankachita akulembedwa misa mbali kunja. Komanso, wolemekezeka "maofesara tsarist" nthawizina sindikufuna nkhondo. Pali nthawi zina pamene alonda anakhala operekera zakudya mu malo odyera a Kiev, ndi ntchito ndi madalitso onse. Choncho kenanso kudyetsedwa.

N'chifukwa chiyani tonsefe akuzinena? Ndi yosavuta. Kuti mukumvetsa zimene chisokonezo zoopsa analamulira miyezi woyamba kapena ngakhale zaka za nkhondo. Panali "yosatheka ukulu" mu anthu oti White, sanatchulidwepo ichi ndi Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Anthu ambiri ndimangofuna kukhala mwamtendere, mofulumira kusintha "mtundu" malinga ndi zenizeni andale. Choncho inasokoneza kayendedwe woyera "? Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa bodza ake mfundo zambiri.

Kodi muyenera usilikali?

Aliyense wa zipani, ziri kulankhula, zinthu ziwiri zinali zofunika: a mphamvu wamoyo (ndiko kuti, kulemba anthu usilikali) ndi mkate. China chirichonse kutsatira.

chuma onse angathe kumwedwa yekha m'mudzi okha wamba oleza, amene safuna kupereka chilichonse kuti aliyense. Choncho - mchitidwe mantha, amene ayamba mbali zonse monga limene ndi chida chomwe anasangalala Provisional Boma la Kerensky. Chotsatira ali zonse m'mphawi zipolowe, zomwe kachiwiri kuletsedwa m'mbali zonse za Civil nkhondo, ndi njira wankhanza.

Ndipo chifukwa "m'khutu wofiira mantha" chinthu chodabwitsa sanali. Lang'anani, zilibe aime ndi mantha woyera. Kotero kuti Bolsheviks anapambana sizinali chifukwa cha "zinthu zina zachiwawa." Choncho, kayendedwe woyera amachititsa zotupa anali:

• umodzi wa lamulo;
• gulu osauka;
• olephera mfundo.

Nawa 3 zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kuyenda. Tiyeni tione angapo mfundo zimenezi, aliyense amene amabisa kuipidwa ya mavuto. Aliyense wa iwo anali kunyambita kayendedwe White. Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa bodza chakuti iwo anachita nthawi yomweyo.

Wina tsekwe, ndi nsomba zazinkhanira ndi Pike ...

Ambiri, mchitidwe poyamba wofiira akali sizivuta. Iwo ankakonda kusewera m'njira imeneyi bwalo - ". Pakati lamulo" la wothandizira wa apolisi, aliyense akhoza kubweretsa, koma m'pofunika kugonjera limodzi Mu Civil iwo amayenera kuchita chimodzimodzi, koma zinthu izi Bolsheviks okha ankafunika kukhazikitsa masewerawo. Iwo ankayenera kuti akamagwiritsa, koma kuchita zinali zosavuta.

"Tichepetse"

Koma White akhacita wotere udzafunidwa zikuipiraipirabe, ndipo mfundo ndi maganizo zimene zikuchitika, iwo anali maulendo angapo. Pa msinkhu wa nkhondo kapena zochepa yunifolomu msasa wofiira kwenikweni kumenyana oposa khumi ndi woyera, ndipo ambiri a magulu awo mosapita ankatsutsa mfundo. The adequacy zimene zikuchitika onse uyu sanali kuwonjezera panonso.

Kwenikweni, zimenezi chisokonezo lonse ndi "apachiyambi" anali akumanidwa mwayi kupambana kayendedwe White. Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa bodza mu kulephera kukambirana ndi nthawi kuwononga anthu moona oopsa. Mwachitsanzo, vuto ndi Entente. Pa nthawiyo Bolsheviks anali moona ofooka, ofooka ndi zosamveka monga ndi kuwawa analembanso Vladimir Ulyanov. Zingaoneke, adzamuuza abwezere ku ogwirizana ake, zida ndi zipolopolo, ntchito chakuti malamulo awa kale ndi boma tsarist, inde ndi vutolo kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse ...

Anasiya ndipo aiwala

Koma anthu zipolopolo chomwecho zokapempha dziko la Germany. Otsiriza, pakutayika Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, mwakachetechete mbisoweka kwa powonekera, ndipo "ogwirizana" wa Entente, kusokoneza khalidwe la azungu anali palibe mofulumira kupereka iwo ndi thandizo ogwira. Mu 1919, anasankha kukatumikira asilikali interventionist. Chiyani? Ndipo akhoza kuwapatsa kayendedwe White? Adzafunkha chuma cha Russia, iwo anali mosavuta osakwatiwa-handedly, koma lonse "mtundu wa alonda," kunapezeka kuti (pakadali pano) Sikuti.

Pamene Maonekedwe potsiriza anatuluka ndipo anakwanitsa kuchita ogwira ntchito mseru interventionists mwachangu zasobiralis kunyumba anamenya iwo sanafune, ndi woyera ndi nthawi potsiriza anapatukana, makhalidwe awo anatembenuka otsika ndi cholinga - chisawawa monga ngatimadzi mu chipululu. Kumbukirani, mwa njira, kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa pa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kayendedwe anali, ziribe kanthu momwe zachilendo zingaoneke, chiwerengero kusowa kwa mfundo.

Pali mavuto ambiri, koma palibe njira ...

Mu kumbuyo kwa woyera zinali khumi lotayirira limitrofov, mavuto zidzachotsedwa wofiira yekha. Komanso, aliyense kapena zochepa angathe mtsogoleri kumbuyo kwa woyera unali ufulu kuchititsa ena "Ataman", wakubayu ndi kupha anthu, koma pa "machenjezo ndi kudzudzula," polimbana ichi "kusamvera" sanabwere. Kodi mtundu wa umodzi wa lamulo akhoza ayankhidwa ngati anyamata owoneka anasonyeza kuti kwathunthu sangathe kuchita zofunika m'gulu la Yehova?

Komanso, woyera mwadala ndale mzake zinthu za yochepa sizikanakhoza kugwirizana osachepera nthawi yomweyo chiyambi cha zolawula, ankakhalira adalowa mapangano osiyana ndi aliyense m'dera "czars."

Pankhaniyi, mbali lankhondo la iwo ayenera kupereka msonkho: nthawi zambiri zakale alonda tsarist anali mosavuta ndi bwinoko mu machenjerero. Koma pa nthawi, pakati zambiri duwa atsogoleri ochenjera wofiira, asiya zakale akatswiri autocratic. asilikali komanso "monarchists" kunadetsa akufanana ikulu zigawenga dzuwa predictably otsika mu nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala liniya. Kodi zifukwa zina kugonjetsedwa kwa White kuyenda mu Civil nkhondo?

chisokonezeko gulu

Koma gulu la kutsogolo kwathu, ndiye izo zonse Choipitsitsa ngakhale (Koma zosangalatsa zambiri ziipe). Mmodzi yekha Denikin anagula chimodzimodzi kwa adani mu 1919, 74 thanki, osachepera 148 ndege, mazana a magalimoto, dazeni mathirakitala angapo, mazana asanu zidutswa za zida zankhondo, kuphatikizapo zitsanzo lolemera, zikwi zingapo mfuti ndi mfuti za makina, mamilioni a zipolopolo za zipolopolo kwa iwo .... Inde, ngakhale pa chuma ngati wa asilikali achifumu, kuzizira mu ngalande wa First World nkhondo, ndinkaona ngati sindingazikwanitse! Choncho kodi zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kayendedwe, pamene anasonkhanitsa kulemera luso akanathetsa kutsogolo pamalo alionse?

Kodi onse apita?

gawo mkango wa mfuti zonse zabwino kapena atabedwa ndipo anagulitsidwa ... onse chomwecho ofiira kapena akufa kulemera anakakhala penapake mu malo akutali, ndi wakale Nthawi zina ngakhale m'ma 40s kale usilikali Soviet pa audits. Choncho zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kayendedwe - banal kuba, kusasamala, ndi wamantha.

Howitzers osaphunzira kuwerengetsera atsopano kuti anakwanitsa "kupha" chabe angapo. Zitatero, atsogoleri Soviet anakumbukira kuti woyera pa mfuti imodzi tsiku anatenga zipolopolo zosaposa 20 chifukwa wathunthu "kupanda khalidwe" zakuthupi.

Kochitika mwachisawawa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka chuma

Koma mu kumbuyo kwa woyera olimba anali "crunch French mkate": a ndalama zambiri kuti amawononga pa ubweya ndi zodzikongoletsera okonda, mipira madzulo ndi maphwando. Ndipo ichi pa nthawi imene asilikali akuvutika wosimidwa kugonjetsedwa ndi Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana?

Komanso, lero limodzi zambiri kuwerenga mu mabuku za "ophunzira kwambiri woyera wapolisi" ndi za "ovutika wofiira". Mwina nthawi zina kunatero ... Ndizo basi msilikali Katomin, anasiya kwa "Belyakov," kuwawa ananenapo kuchuluka kwa asilikari oledzera ndi asilikali. "The wofiira n'zosatheka ... msilikali aliyense upivshegosya kenako anamuombera, ndi makhalidwe a adani anu zedi mkulu," - ndicho chimene iye anauza anzake atsopano. Chifukwa kuti iye anali pafupifupi anamenyedwa pa ntchito. Pano iwo ali, chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kuyenda. Mwachidule, uwu chisokonezo ndi okwana adzawalanga.

Ndipo ndicho osanenapo mbali ya "amayanjana wosadziwika," iwo anamverera mu KUKHULUPIRIRA monarchical momasuka kwambiri. Mbava ndi deserters, "athawira" ku mbali yawo ankhondowo ndi gulu wobiriwira - kuthana nawo panalibe munthu, ndi kuyamba kuti palibe amene anafuna. Chifukwa, kumbuyo linakwiriridwa, kutsogolo ndi analamulira chisokonezo wathunthu. No ndipo palibe ndi udindo chirichonse, kotero kuti zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kuyenda mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni kukhala apafupi ...

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira makamaka zoikamo zaumoyo. ziwerengero zolondola pa mmene imfa ya thanzi palibe, koma amadziwika kuti White anapereka thandizo la mankhwala kwa anthu ovulala ... khalidwe loipitsitsa. Mu Maulendo Ake ndi zikalata archival mobwerezabwereza anakumana otchula misa mliri Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi, ndi anasiya yachibadwa zachipatala asilikali, kulephera bungwe kwambiri kapena zochepa yachibadwa kuchipatala ngakhale kumbuyo.

mfundo

Akukhulupirira kuti monarchists "kwinaku" anakumbukira "Russia amene tataya" ndipo ankayesetsa kuti abwezeretse ufumu. Nawa chabe izo siziri choncho. Inde, panali azungu olimbikira monarchist, koma mbiri akukumbukira ngati pang'ono. Mu njira zambiri, zifukwa chigonjetso cha Maonekedwe ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa White kayendedwe bodza mu chisokonezo ndi vacillation, ngakhale mu dera maganizo. "Belyaki" sankakhoza ngakhale kugwirizana ndi mzake za mapulani ya kukhazikitsanso unawonongedwa a dziko, samathanso "kuwerama" ndi ndifotokoze chinachake kwa "anthu oponya voti" wake ndipo sakufuna aliyense. Ndipo ichi pa nthawi imene Maonekedwe analenga bungwe la commissars, mogwira chimamangidwa mfundo zake.

"Ine ndinati - Chachitika!"

Ndipo musaganize amabwebweta yosavuta wofiira: Chabwino, ngati cholinga, ndiye anafuna ake. Anachita zimenezi mwa kusonyeza mphamvu yeniyeni ya malamulo ake. Monarchists komanso mobwerezabwereza zolakwa "balabolov" Kerensky ndi boma ake Provisional: malonjezo zosatheka, amaona mfundo, kupanda ukutitsimikizira kuti "anthu oponya voti" - kutsindika mfundo zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kayendedwe, amene akufuna kukoma anu.

Ngakhale Lenin analankhula ndi namatetule wake mu kuphweka lamulo limene analonjeza ogwira ntchito mkate ndi kumtunda Amaya, akuluakulu akale tsarist ndi akuluakulu mpikisano kunena kukambirana ntchito yotsatira ya malamulo m'tsogolo. Ndicho chimene zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa White kuyenda.