Kugwa kwa Western ufumu wa Aroma

Kugwa kwa Western Roma - mutu anayambitsa mu historiography mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri mbiri Edward Gibbon (1737-1794). ntchito yake yaikulu "Mbiri ya kugwa ndi kudzukanso kwa ufumu wa Roma" anapanga lingaliro odziwika bwino owerenga kwambiri chidwi vuto. Ngakhale kuti sitingathe kunena kuti Gibbon anali woyamba amene anadzipereka kuphunzira pamene ndi chifukwa ufumu m'patali anakomoka. Kuyambira m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mafunso awa, asayansi ambiri anali kutengeka, nthawi zonse kupereka ziphunzitso zatsopano. Monga mmodzi chi American katswiri Glen Bauersok, kugwa kwa Western Roma angaonedwe ngati archetype wa kolowera dzuwa mphamvu kwambiri, chotero, ngati chizindikiro cha mantha ndi machenjezo Nthawi osiyana.

Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti asiyane madera kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo olamulidwa ndi mafumu munthu, kutero kuchepa wa Rome. Kum'mawa anakhala Ufumu wa Byzantine ndi likulu lake ku Constantinople, theka kumadzulo lolunjika makamaka gawo la Italy ano. Kutha kwa ufumu wa Roma anayimiridwa mwa njira yothandizira kuti kumatenga kuposa zaka. Choncho, olemba mbiri ena amakonda kunena kuti Roma ndinazolowera zikhalidwe watsopano, ndipo ngati panalibe pansi. Great Roma, molingana Edward Gibbon ndi mbali ya maganizo ake, unatha pa 4 September 476, pamene Odoacer mtsogoleri wa mafuko Germany (mu asilikali achiroma , anali mtsogoleri wa aganyu-Germany) kutsitsidwa otsiriza Western Mfumu ya Roma Romulus Augustus. Romulus Augustus, ayenera kuti anali ndi chiyambi Germany. Odoacer ankaona Romulus si yoopsa, kuti sichikhala Musiyeni kumupha, koma anachotsedwa. Kugwa kwa Western Roma, umboni chakuti Rome analibenso mphamvu zachuma ndi sakanatha kuugwira anamwazikana chakum'mawa, ngakhale anthu awo anapitiriza kuganizira ndipo nkumadzitcha okha Aroma. Yopanda magazi zokhumba sanali 476 lalikulu zinasintha, kubweretsedwa ku ambiri bwinobwino nkhani ya akavalidwe.

Akatswiri amene akanikiza Mabaibulo azolowere zinthu zatsopano, akukhulupirira kuti ufumu anapitiriza kukhalapo mpaka 1453. Choncho, kugwa kwa Western ufumu wa Aroma zinachitika pamene Ottoman anabwera Byzantium (Constantinople).

Kumene, tsiku la chiwonongeko cha Romulus Augustus, amawatenga Edward Gibbon ndi ochiritsira kwambiri, ndi zoona, ngati pangakhale mwayi kufunsa anthu amene ankakhala mu nyengo, angadabwe kwambiri kuti Historiography zimapangitsa chochitika kwambiri. Tikhonzanso tikambirane zinthu zina zofunika, omwe amalembedwa kugwa kwa ufumu wa Roma, komanso kuphatikiza zinthu zambiri (maonekedwe a chipembedzo latsopano la Chikhristu, mavuto yaikulu ya chuma kufooka, amphamvu chivundi, kufufuma, mavuto usilikali, wosadziŵa ulamuliro wa mafumu ndi ena), zomwe zinachititsa kuti kutha. Komabe, tsiku limeneli pachikhalidwe kutha kwa kale chiyambi cha European Ages Middle. Mu Ufumu Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Italy, ndi gawo kumpoto-kumadzulo kwa Africa anali pansi nkhondo zosiyanasiyana, pali gulu mitundu, anasonkhanitsa Wamkulu Ataliatali. La kum'mawa kwa malire anakhalabe kukhazika kwa zaka zingapo mpaka kugonjetsa Chisilamu.

Nthawi zambiri, kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma chinali chikhalidwe ndi ndale kusintha, kusintha kwa mtundu zambiri authoritarian a boma, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity ngati chipembedzo cha boma, kusiyidwa mwa miyambo ndi mfundo za masiku amakedzana zachikhalidwe. The historiography ndi wamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Ufumu wa Byzantium", monga wolandirayo Ufumu wa Roma, ndipo kwenikweni ndi bwino kukambirana za motsatizana Komabe, zotsiriza amakedzana Ufumu anali wosiyana chakale Rome.