Chifukwa Ivan Grozny kupha mwana wake Ivan? Kodi Ivan Grozny kupha mwana wake?

The nyumba yachifumu ya July 3, 1583 chinachitika mmodzi wa kuphana kwambiri zamatsenga ndi osadziŵika kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Mwana wa Ivan m'khutu, Ivan Ivanovich, anaphedwa ndi bambo ake. Mu mutakwiya mfumu prodded ana awo kuti ali ndi mphamvu ndodo mu kachisi. Itapita molondola ndiponso amphamvu - korona kalonga anafa pa malopo. Chodabwitsa ndi mwana wa Ivan Grozny kuphedwa! Ambiri adamkonda, achikulire, munthu amene adzachita zazikulu, chifukwa wachiwiri mwa ana ake, Theodore, kuti adzalamulire dziko sanali wokonzeka kuyamba.

Pazaka zaka zoposa mazana anai mphambu makumi asanu mbiri inamera nthano zambiri, kuika patsogolo Baibulo osiyana chimene chinachitika. Iwo akadali osati kuyika tsiku lenileni la imfa ya Korona Prince. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti tsoka chinachitika mmbuyo mu 1581, mu November, ena anaitana 1582, ndi wachitatu, zomwe ambiri, komabe kutsatira tsiku la July 3, 1583. Mokulira manambala sizikhala zofunika, ntchito yaikulu - kumvetsa chifukwa Ivan Grozny kupha mwana wake, ndipo ngati iye anamupha konse? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Baibulo loyamba. zandale

Nikolai Karamzin mu "History" analengeza kuti chopunthwitsa pakati pa bambo ndi mwana anakhala ndale. Anadzazidwa ndi mfulu changu korona kalonga anadza kwa makolo acimuuza kuti amasulidwe Pskov, kutulutsa mdani, kubwezeretsa ulemu wa Russian Ufumu. Wakwiya, John anafuula kuti mwana wake pamodzi ndi boyars anafuna dethrone iye, ndipo anakweza dzanja lake. Anayesetsa kusunga Boris Godunov, koma mfumu ndodo yake lakuthwa anakantha fuko lomveka mabala angapo, kenako anamenyetsa mutu wa Korona Prince. Iye anagwa, ataphimbidwa ndi magazi. Imfa ya Ivan - mwana Ivana Groznogo - anali yomweyo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Baibulo kuti Karamzin ankaona zoona, poyamba atapereka ndi Antonio Possevino, kazembe wa papa, amene akuvomereza, anali, ngati umboni ambiri achidwi, izo siziri chimodzimodzi palokha. Choncho, yolondola mawu awa kwambiri zokayikitsa, makamaka popeza palibe umboni wina, si anatsimikizira. Ndiye n'chifukwa Ivan Grozny kupha mwana wake? Pitani patsogolo.

Baibulo chachiwiri. tsiku ndi tsiku

Only mwalamulo mfumu John V. anakwatiwa nthawi zosachepera zisanu ndi ziwiri. Monga mukudziwa, apulo kugwa kuchokera mtengo pafupi. Choncho achinyamata korona kalonga bambo ake ankafuna kupitiriza. Mkazi wake woyamba anali mwana wa Saburova Eudoxia Bogdanova, atakwatirana silinakwaniritsidwe, iye anali mokakamiza tonsured monga mviligo. mkazi wachiwiri Feodosiyu Mihaylovu, Solovova mwana wamkazi, anavutika ndi tsoka chomwecho - moyo wake anamaliza mu amonke. Ndi 1583 Ivan anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa wamng'ono wa abale Sheremetyevo, Elena. M'mawa wina, John V. anaona mkazi pakati za Korona Prince mawonekedwe zosayenera: lamba iye sanali umangidwa, ndi kupita ukadalipo kwa mkazi wokwatiwa si Anapitirizabe. Mfumu anakwiya kwambiri ndipo mbama angapo nkhonya wabwino wamkazi. Helen anagwa ndi kumumenya, ndipo ataya tsogolo la mwana usiku. Ndiye korona kalonga anathamangira ku chipinda nayamba kumdzudzula atate wake, iye anayimirira kwa mkazi wake, izo zinali mu ndodo kachisi. Likukhalira, ndicho chifukwa Ivan Grozny anapha mwana wake! Komabe, ndipo pano izo si bwino. Mlembi wa Baibulo ili anatumikira yemweyo Antonio Possevino, amene anali opindulitsa kuvumbula ndi ankhanza wolamulira synoubiytsey kuti koletsedwa ya kusaka European. Choncho zimene zinachitika?

Baibulo lachitatu. ndimakukondani

The Russian Tsar anali ndi njala kwambiri kwa mkazi ndipo umboni, palibe chovala chimodzi anaphonya. Tsiku lina kwinakwake Zipatalazo, anakumana Helen, mkazi wa Tsarevich Ivan, zomwe ife tanena kale, ndipo anayamba kukakamiza iye limodzi asanakwatirane. Sizikudziwika ngati unakhala John V. snohachom (mu Russia akhala kuyambira amatchedwa kuti munthu amene anali mkazi ndi mwana wake), koma kalonga wamng'ono anauza mwamuna wake za nkhanza, ndipo anaganiza tikupeza ndi bambo ake. Kodi izo zonse zatha, ife tikudziwa. Mwana Ivana Groznogo, Ivan, anagwa ndi kachisi zikukhudza, ndi mkazi wake patapita kanthawi, anatumizidwa amonke. Koma kodi onse anaukitsidwadi?

Wachinayi Baibulo. rebut

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amene anakhalapo patapita nthawi yaitali, Ivan Vasilyevich ndi mwana wake, maganizo: "Koma ngati Ivan Grozny kupha mwana wake?" Mwinamwake chabe nthano chidwi? M'mawu ena, disinformation ndi miseche? Inde, pa mphindi mfundo synoubiystva kuchititsa kukayikira yaikulu. Kuti kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kukayikira, titembenukira kwa deta 1883-1885 - nthawi, pamene m'manja mwa chithunzicho otchuka Russian Ili Repina anali mogometsa "Ivan m'khutu ndi Mwana wake November 16, mu 1581".

Penti "Ivan Grozny amapha mwana wake"

Zinali pansi pa dzina ili zinadziwika kwa onse kupenta anthu, limene limasonyeza mmene Russian Tsar Tsarevich anakantha nkhonya wachivundi. Pa nsalu ya muofesiyo wofiira yokutidwa ndi dongosolo mu mithunzi Chambers mabodza pafupi ndi kugubuduza wachifumu anaponyedwa ndodo, ndipo m'zipinda za mtima, otchuka awiri aunika bambo, amene anachita okha nawo wokwiya mpaka kalekale, ndipo mwana amene afa mu manja ake. Kutaya, chikondi chopanda malire ndi mantha nkhope akufotokoza Ivan Vasilyevich, iye mwaphuma kufungatira Korona Prince, kuyesera kuti magazi asiye kutuluka poika bala pa mutu wake, ndi mwana kukhululukirana bambo crouches mu pamtima. Senile mfumu maonekedwe ndi mbali kukula kwa maonekedwe mu adzadabwitsa awo nthawi yomweyo chisoni ndi mantha. nkhope Ivan poyerekeza ndi zambiri "moyo", anauziridwa ndi makonda. Pepani kuti bambo anga chimadzaza Korona Prince, iye amasangalala chifukwa chikhululukiro, izo kukweza iye pamwamba zilakolako zonse zazing'ono osayenera munthu, omwe anakhala chifukwa cha imfa yake, yeretsani moyo. Izo ndi zomwe zikusonyeza kupenta "Ivan Grozny amapha mwana wake."

Tsoka mankhwala Repin

Tsopano ukonde amasungidwa Moscow, ndi Tretyakov Gallery. Gulu la Anthu Orthodox ndi azambiriyakale, mu 2013 anapempha kuchotsa izo kuchokera kumeneko, chifukwa alakwira ndi kukonda kwambiri dziko lawo la Russia. pempho unakanizidwa. Ine ndiyenera kunena, izi si woyamba kuukira pa pachithunzipa. Pamene Woyamba anafika kwa anthu pa chionetsero 13 oyendayenda, onse St. Petersburg anali agog. omvetsera kwenikweni anazinga ndi nyumba komwe pachithunzipa n'kupachikidwa. Anali kutsutsana mkangano: luntha ndi achinyamata mwapang'onopang'ono mofulumira osiririka, pamene ena Petersburgers anali anakwiya: "Kodi mungasonyeze bwanji synoubiystvo" Mwa anthu amene ntchitoyo ankakondedwa anali Mfumu Alexander III wa, chifukwa cha April 1, 1885 izo inaletsedwa ndi chiwonetsero. Izo zinali chithunzi choyamba kakusintha mu Russian Ufumu kupimidwa. Komabe, patatha miyezi itatu pa pempho la pafupi ndi bwalo ndi A. Bogolyubov chiletsocho.

Ndipo ngati kupha anali?

Pa chionetsero chomwechi mu St. Petersburg mu 1885 kupenta "Ivan Grozny amapha mwana wake" chinaoneka ndi Russian woganiza kwambiri ndipo bwanamkubwa mkulu wa Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobedonostsev. Iye anakwiya ndi nkhani yake, chifukwa, mu maganizo ake, zopeka n'kuchoka zoona. Pobedonostsev analemba kuti Alexander III kalata imene iye ananena kuti mogometsa sitinganene kuti mbiri chifukwa ankaimira mphindi ali mwangwiro wosangalatsa. Bwanji zimenezi? Ife nthawizonse analankhula za kupha Sitefano Tsarevich Ivan Vasilyevich John monga mfundo osatsutsika, ngakhale mu mabuku sukulu zolembedwa za izi mu chitsanzo cha zimene nkhanza wolemekezeka Russian autocracy. Mpaka mapeto zinaonekeratu chifukwa chabe Ivan Grozny kupha mwana wake. Ndipo mmene mfundo zonse zinagwa mabuku mbiri, palibe ndinaganiza.

chochitika modabwitsa

Mu 1913, panali chinachake chachirendo mu Tretyakov Gallery. Kuwaona zojambula Ili Repina "Ivan m'khutu ndi Mwana wake November 16, mu 1581" zojambulajambula Abram Balashov anafuula kuti: "magazi kwambiri" Kenako ankadzudzula pa kupenta ndi mpeni ndi yachepa izo. Pomwepo Repin anafika ku Moscow pamodzi ndi Igorem Grabarem, wophunzira wake wakale ndipo wakukubwezera wotchuka, kumanganso. Makina amayesa kupenta ndi analandira yankho yaikulu anali tinakonza ndi mtsutso pa nkhani ya mmene anthu wamba amatanthauza fano a anthu achifumu. Repin mwadzidzidzi mlandu dala kuwaganizira anthu olusa ndi kusadziwa zinthu anatuluka mu Russia. chithunzicho Sankamvetsetsa kukhumudwa kwambiri. Iye kudzasokoneza ndipo anaganiza zochoka ku Moscow, kodi konse kwa mzinda uwu.

Imene anamwalira Tsarevich?

Metropolitan Ladoga ndi St. Petersburg, John, m'buku lake "Autocracy Mzimu" anakana kupha ndipo anati imfa ya mwana Ivana Groznogo anabwera chifukwa cha kudwala. Ndithudi, zikalata anasunga mbiri osanena za synoubiystve. Koma owululidwa zinthu zambiri, zikalata kuti korona kalonga anafa chifukwa cha poyizoni. B. Manyagin mu ntchito yake ya 2003, "Mtsogoleri wa Mpingo zigawenga" analemba kuti Ivan pomudyetsanso poizoni ndi sublimate zikuwononga - poizoni kuti zimayambitsa imfa yowawa ngati inu izo mu kuchuluka kwa magalamu 0,18.

exhumation

Mu Angelo Cathedral mu boma la Russia mu 1963, iwo anatsegula manda zinayi: mkulu Skopin-Shumsky, Tsarevich Ivan, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich. Pa zotsalira za phunziroli, akatswiri anapeza kuti mafupa onse anayi muli ndalama pafupifupi wofanana Arsenic, ndipo zilibe upambana ponseponse. Komabe, mu mafupa a Tsarevich Ivan ndi Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich anapeza pamaso pa Mercury mlingo waukulu kuposa ponseponse chovomerezeka. Olemba mbiri ena amanena kuti si chiphe, ndi zotsatira za matenda a chindoko ndi Mercury mafuta. Koma chifukwa cha maphunziro sanapeze kusintha chinzonono mu zotsalira za akuluakulu a m'banja lachifumu.

mfundo yatsopano

Mu 1990, kafukufuku kunachitidwa maliro mfumukazi kwambiri Moscow ndi mafumu. Chifukwa, chinapezeka kuti Elena Glinskaya, mayi Ivana Groznogo yemwe anamwalira mu 1538, ndipo Anastasia Romanova, mkazi wake woyamba yemwe anamwalira mu 1560-m, akhala poizoni mankhwala enaake mercuric. Ndi, banja lachifumu la kapolo wa poyizoni zaka zambirimbiri. Data amenewa komanso maphunziro ena zinachititsa kuti mapeto kuti kupha mwana wa Ivana Groznogo atate wake - zopeka, koma kwenikweni anali poizoni, mokomera kutanthauzira izi kuti akanali zili poizoni kuposa analoleza malire nthawi zambiri. Motero sayansi buku la synoubiystve m'gulu yotsutsa.