Education centralized Russian amati: prerequisites, zizindikiro yachitika

Kugwa lomaliza la Russia mu 1132 ndipo amavutika. Kukula kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono nthawi zonse kumabweretsa izi. Zimenezi si chodabwitsa zoipa kwa anthu a chi. Kumene, mbiri yakale ku sukulu, komanso kuphunzira mabuku akale kuphunzitsa ana zoipa kumatanthauza kugawikana. Wokwanira kuti akumbukire zina mwa olemba kuti "Mirili" akalonga anawachenjeza za kuopsa kugawikana ya boma. Komabe, njira imeneyi, Mosiyana, kumabweretsa kukula kwa periphery, ndi ukuyenda bwino chikhalidwe cha mphamvu zipatso m'dziko lililonse. Kugawikana "akakufinyani" wa fiefdoms pazipita pamaso mogwirizana boma wolimba ndi msika limodzi.

Kugawikana chikugwirizana ndi kuwukira ndi

Education centralized Russian boma sanali kudya, ngakhale prerequisites onse. Vuto onse - nkhondo mu 30s wa khamu 13 m'zaka za Mongol-Chitata. kuwonjezeka awo anakankhira mapangidwe a centralized boma Russian kwa zaka zambiri, komanso malo enieni Russia a mizinda wamphamvu olemera ndi yawonongedwa m'mudzimo. makonzedwe a kalonga pa Mongol utakhala watha kusamalira m'madera awo. ntchito yake yaikulu - kusonkhanitsa msonkho yake wolakika, osati ndikuiwala yekha. The mphamvu anakhala ukulu, zoopsa zambiri imatengedwa mu maso a asilikaliwa.

Aiwala "zochuluka" Aleksandra Nevskogo

Mbiri ya nthawi ino ali Nthawi zina za chiwonongeko cha mizinda yonse anayerekeza kupandukira ulamuliro wa khans lapansi. Chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti conspiracies amenewa, "kumizidwa mu magazi," akalonga Russian. Mmodzi wa mbali yaikulu ya Mongolia - wathu "mtetezi" chikhulupiriro dzina lake Aleksandr Nevsky. kangapo pa dongosolo la Khans, Yesu anatsogolera ulendo Chilango anthu opandukawo. Komabe, Alexander Nevsky anayamba mzera watsopano, amene chikugwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow.

Prerequisites Education wa Russian boma centralized

Anaumba Russia sanathe mogwirizana boma limodzi. Izi anali ntchito ndi:

• A chinenero.
• chikhulupiriro Common.
• Olowa miyambo, malamulo.
• yoyezera yovomerezeka mlandu.
• mauthenga okhudzana, ndi zina. D.

Development wa zaulimi

Pamene kukula kwa mphamvu lapansi alibe kufika pachimake mu zigawo kuti kuphatikiza oyambirira kunena. Koma kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma 14 amayamba mgwirizano yogwira zachuma pakati pa mayiko kamodzi-ogwirizana. Chifukwa cha ichi - tima chitukuko cha ulimi.

Dziko waphunzira kukhala pansi pa goli. Koma musaiwale kuti "Mongolian kapu 'amateteza nkhondo zikuluzikulu ndi nkhondo. chitukuko mtendere kwachititsa chakuti dera kamodzi wopanda chinayamba kachiwiri. Komanso, ankhondowo anasonyeza mafakitale atsopano kale katswiri Rusich, - kuswana ndi kuswana kavalo. regionalization Economic kwachitika, popanda amene yogwira zachuma mogwirizana adzakhala chabe wopanda pake. Choncho, mapangidwe a centralized boma Russian kufooketsedwa ndi kufunika kwa kulenga msika limodzi. Koma koposa zonse kunali koyenera kutseka ambuye. Yaikulu ya iwo ndi Mpingo. Pa Tikambirana zina.

Udindo wa Mpingo

Adzaupereka kwa udindo waukulu wa Mpingo mu mapangidwe a Russian boma centralized. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pa nkhondo Mongol-Chitata, ankhondowo simunandikhudze ake. M'malo mwake, iwo anapereka ufulu wonse ndi ufulu. nzeru Mongolian amadziwa palibe kufanana mu mbiri - iwo sanasinthe anthu anagonjetsa. Ngakhale, monga ulamuliro, m'munsi chikhalidwe ndi sayansi chitukuko kuposa anthu anagonjetsa, ndi Mongol-Chitata anayesetsa kutengera ndi zotsatira zonse zofunika kwambiri za chitukuko. Komabe, ngakhale ndiye, sanafune izo, akanali yemweyo: chipembedzo, mabuku, zojambulajambula. Only ufulu ndale akhala okha. Pankhani ya vuto la zachuma ndi chikhalidwe, kunapatsidwa ufulu wonse wosankha, basi pa nthawi kulipira "kunja."

Kutembenuka kwa Islam, chiguluchi anali asanawerengepo ankanena za siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo cha Orthodox mu Russia ndi imposition wa chipembedzo china. Iwo sadazindikira kuti msonkho wa imatengedwa zofala kwa munthu wamba. Kulikonse kumene apita - mu Kiev kapena mu khola. Komabe, kuukira chikhulupiriro mu moyo - munthu uyu samakhoza kupirira. Moyo kuoneka ngati zosakhalitsa malo okhalamo a mtendere wosatha. Yesani kusintha kuti - ndi anthu Russian adzafa polimbana ndi Aisiraeli.

Ntchito ya Russia kumabweretsa kuwuka kwa mpingo

Pachifukwa ichi Mpingo mu Russia sikuti chimatha, koma M'malo mwake, anakula wolemera. Iye anapatsidwa malo wopanda amene akhala munali nkhondo ndi owonongedwa. Komanso, mpingo unali wamphamvu ang'onoang'ono Ambuye. Kwa iye anathamanga anthu wakulakwira ndi oponderezedwa. Kumeneko analandira pogona, pogona koma bydi anakakamizika ntchito phindu lake. Zoperekedwa, ndithudi, ndi lililonse limatisokoneza kwambiri kuposa alipidwa ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Mpingo asamagwire kupereka mokakamizidwa Mongol "kuchoka," ndi Fathers woyera anali wodzichepetsa kwambiri kuposa olemekezeka a boma.

Mphamvu kukula wa ambuye ang'onoang'ono anafuna dziko zinalumikizana

Mphamvu ya amonke ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono anafuna boma limodzi malamulo udindo wake waukulu lililonse ukulu, ndi pa gawo limodzi lalikulu ndi zida zamphamvu utsogoleri. Choncho, mpingo wa ambuye woyamba ang'onoang'ono anathandiza kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow. Iwo anali osamukira kuno ku Vladimir ambiri m'dziko lonse Russian matauni kale pamalo okwera limakupatsani kutengapo maganizo amenewa.

Kujambula boma limodzi: gawo loyamba (zaka za m'ma 13 - 1462)

Creation wa centralized boma Russian zinachitika mu magawo angapo. Poyamba anali ndi funso likulu m'tsogolo. Lero, ndi kukhulupirira, koma mapangidwe a centralized boma Russian ungachitike pansi mbendera ya Tver, Moscow ndipo si monga zinali zambiri ayenera kuchita izi more:

• yabwino Hrs malo;
• malo aakulu;
• koyamba thandizo khans;
• zachuma ndi zankhondo mphamvu.

Mantha - ndi mwayi waukulu

Komabe, maonekedwe a mapangidwe a Russian boma centralized kuti tatchulawa ubwino nkhondo utsogoleri zambiri n'kuyamba kufooka mu kuipa. Hana ndi Muzisamala malo amenewa. Choyamba disarmed mzinda wa Vladimir, kupanga yekha malo mwadzina. Kumbukirani kuti udindo waukulu ku Russia ankatchedwa "The Grand Duke Vladimir." Naye akalonga Russian nacho chizindikiro pa kasamalidwe utsogoleri m'mizinda yonse. Komabe, mzinda wa Vladimir anapita kumudzi, monga Mongolia anatsatira ndikosatheka pamalo okwera. Adawopa kuti akhale mbendera ya nkhondo yomenyele ufulu wadziko motsutsa Khans.

Opambana sapatsidwa

Pamene woyamba mwana Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniil (1282-1303 gg.) Kuti Moscow anachoka m'midzi yekha ozungulira mwa utali wozungulira 40 Km. Komabe, ana a wopambana wa ku Germany ndi asilikali a Sweden kwa zaka 80. mwina zonse zimene: okwatira Khan, anapeza ndalama, anagula mfulu Ankhondo zigawo zonse maukulu zina, anasamukira Metropolitan okhala naye ndi kuponderezedwa mwankhanza kugalukira ku Tver ndi Khan kuti mudzi uwu pansi.

kukana loyamba

Ndi 1380, pokhulupirira mwa mphamvu zathu, Prince wotchedwa Dmitry anaganiza zopatsa kukana kwa gulu. N'zoona kuti zimene zinanenedwa timva ndi wakale Russian olemba, nkhondo ya Kulikovo sindinali kutsutsana Khan, ndi wina wa Tartar fuko lomveka - Mamaia. Mu parlance amakono, "upstart" amene analibe udindo yovomerezeka mu gulu. Koma sikuti cha kusamvera wafunsira zimene kale mkulu Khan Tokhtamysh zaka 2 kenako mu 1382, ndi pamene gawo mu ntchito yochotsa Moscow, ndi kutentha pansi. mabuku kulankhula kwambiri za Nkhondo ya Kulikov, tanthauzo chigonjetso chake. Komabe, zingwe ziwiri zokha amatchedwa kupulula Chilango cha Russian zitachitika.

Association sasiya

Kuwonjezera nkhondo ndi Golden gulu wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa centralized boma Russian. Ndi Moscow anali Ufumuyo Dmitrov, Uglich, Starodub, Kostroma, m'dera Beloozero.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 14 anapanga njira yoyamba pa inalowa la Republic Novgorod. Komabe, ngakhale kuti akalandire kokha ufulu Dvina dziko sizingatheke. Novgorod pakati Mofatsa wolemera malonda osati la Russia komanso padziko lonse. Cuma chachikulu amalola kuti alimbane nawo kwa Aisiraeli. Only Patapita inalowa mwa mayiko onse kuti aziwapatsa chakudya cha ufulu kukoma Republic, Moscow ntchito akuyendeni pansi ndipo anatseka misewu zachuma breached ku Novgorod chitetezo. Kudalira mbewu Novgorod ankaimba nthabwala wankhanza ndi Republic.

Chomaliza

Chomaliza kucheza wa chaka 1462-1533 - mu ulamuliro wa Ivan III (1462-1505) lisanathe ulamuliro wa mwana wake, Vasily III (1505-1533). Pambuyo pawo, boma limodzi udzakhalapo mwamtendere kokha Ivan kwambiri. Pokhapokha, kumene, nthawi imeneyi angatchedwe mtendere. Atafa nthawi yaitali ya Time ya Mavuto zikunena.

Mapangidwe a Russian boma centralized chifukwa cha zochitika zotsatirazi lalikulu (14-15 CC.):

• Kulandidwa kwa Tartar goli.
• Kulumikizana Tver.
• Kulumikizana Novgorod.

Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha chiguluchi mu 1480 panalibe mphamvu kuteteza ndondomeko choterocho, monga mapangidwe a centralized boma Russian.

Kuwerengera kwa pophatikizana ndi

• 1478 - Ivan III mphamvu amamangirira Novgorod. Moscow kawiri kuchuluka mwachirengedwe.
• 1485 - potsiriza akulowa mkulu mdani ndale wa Moscow - Tver.
• 1489 - Vyatka kumtunda ndi zambiri sanali Russian anthu.
• 1510 - Pskov, amene sakukhudzidwa pa nthawi ya Novgorod. Pambuyo pake, kujowina yotsirizira yekha anali ndi nkhani ya nthawi.
• 1514 - Moscow pa nkhondo ndi Lithuania recaptures ndi Russian mzinda wakale wa Smolensk. mumzinda umenewu tsogolo adzakhala chopunthwitsa mu mfundo yachilendo ya boma Russian ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo okhazikika ndi Commonwealth.
• 1521 - yokhala akulowa Ryazan, ngakhale mfundo kwa nthawi yaitali akalonga a Moscow anapambana pa kumbali yake ya Ryazan boyars.

Ine ndikufuna kunena kuti Muscovy, ngati iwo anamutcha dziko lino, inali yaikulu mu Europe. Koma mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha Russian boma centralized sanali mtendere. Njira limodzi ndi zonse nkhondo, ziphuphu, Kuphedwa, kuperekedwa.

Education centralized boma Russian. Politika Ivana III ndi Vasily III

ndondomeko za ukapolo wa anthu wamba anayamba pambuyo akamaliza njira pophatikizana. Kwenikweni, zimene anafuna ambuye, kuphatikizapo mpingo. Ndi mu Sudebnik Ivan III mu 1497 kuti chiletso nthawi yoyamba atathana chisamaliro lamanja la wamba kuchokera mumzinda wa. Kumene, asanafike mapeto a mtedza sadzakhala sapota, koma yokha kupereŵera wakhala mantha aakulu. Pakadali pano, alimi anatilola kusuntha sabata limodzi pamaso Tsiku St. George, pa mapeto a November, ndipo sabata imodzi, kumayambiriro December. Komabe, Chilamulo cha 1550 Ivana Groznogo ndi kupasula lamulo limeneli. Choncho mawu amapita: "Tengani, Agogo aakazi, ndi Tsiku St. George," umene moyenerera amasonyeza kukhulupirirana koyamba pamene mwanayo.

Malamulo tinganene Amaya

Ponena za nthawi ya kusintha, chirichonse n'zomveka. Vuto la zaulimi zochepa. Ngati antchito kusiya mwininyumba pakati pa mkombero, izo kuwononga iye. Zaluso mu kusintha panali awiri:

• Yochepa masabata awiri m'dzinja.
• Kufunika kulipira "okalamba."

Mfundo yomaliza zikutanthauza kuti mlimi analibe yoyenera kuchokera Yehova. Komabe anali kulipira ntchito anthu oti kwa positi, ndiye moyo m'nyumba. Ngati kuntchito yapangitsa bwalo kwa zaka zoposa zinayi anayenera kulipira ndalama zonse za nyumba yatsopano.

Choncho, mapangidwe boma limodzi kwachititsa kuti chiyambi cha ukapolo wa anthu wamba pa dziko, chifukwa panali mphamvu utsogoleri kulamulira kayendedwe.