Novgorod Republic

Mu madera ambiri a Russia nthawi ang'onoang'ono chinachitikira ndi nkhondo ya Chitata. Pa nkhani imeneyi, panalibe kudziona mu nthawi imeneyi ndi mphamvu ya boma monga. Kupatulapo anali Novgorod ang'onoang'ono Republic. Ndi pano, kuposa kwina kulikonse mu dziko, akuwonetseredwa Komiti kufunika monga aphungu wamphamvu. Patapita zaka 11-13. mosonyeza Komiti ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu zimene anazipanga izo zingaoneke zofananako ndi thupi malamulo mu dongosolo aphungu a boma.

Republic Novgorod chinapangidwa pa nthawi yaitali. Pamaso pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo boma pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana mbiri za mphamvu ya meya, kalonga ndi veche matupi anali peculiarities yake. Only 15 m'ma statehood wabweza maonekedwe komaliza. Pa nthawi yomweyo Komabe, zinachitika mavuto mabungwe demokalase.

Ufiti ndi malonda Republic, monga mtundu wa bungwe mphamvu ndi boma, akuti ndi kusakhazikika ndiponso sakhalitsa dongosolo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mapangidwe a mtundu umenewu matupi malamulo, molingana ndi azambiriyakale, ngakhale mlingo m'malo okwezeka a demokalase, ndi mapeto akufa. Sikutheka kuganizira mawonekedwe mphamvu ya boma malamulo m'dziko lonselo.

Republic Novgorod anakopeka ndi zifukwa zingapo. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale apeza zifukwa ziwiri imene inachititsa dongosolo yeniyeni mphamvu zandale ndiponso.

Choyamba, Novgorod wakale sanali cholowa cha Rurik. Akalonga chinkhoswe kulimbana nkhondo ya wongosamukasamuka akhala chidwi msonkho kwa mzinda. Mu Novgorod mphamvu anali mu manja kapena meya, kapena kalonga. Udindo wa mzinda wofooka luso pafupipafupi kusintha wolamulira. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 11 Novgorod atsogoleri andale anayamba mwachangu kulimbirana "zokondweretsa akalonga." Nthawi zina ngakhale kukhazikitsa ngati "mphamvu wapawiri." Chifukwa cha kusintha pafupipafupi akalonga pang'onopang'ono anayamba Kalonga landownership dongosolo la vassalage. Mu 1126 ku Novgorod mudali kusankha kwa nzika m'tawuni kaya posadniks. Zotsatirazi zipolowe mu 1136 - anayamba osankhidwa ndi akalonga. Choncho, poyamba Kumvetsela akalonga makonzedwe inasanduka thupi osankhidwa.

Kachiwiri, Novgorod ali ndi malonda ndi malonda amphamvu zigawo. chuma mzindawo akhale ndi malo abwino kwa malonda achilendo ndi zoweta. Imeneyi, tinapanga mokwanira amphamvu eni strata chikhalidwe (ikuluikulu ang'ono). Makamaka, boyars allocated. kalasi Izi anaikira mu manja a ndale ndi kuthekera zachuma, akukankha Choncho akalonga. Chifukwa cha Novgorod boyar Republic yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mphamvu ya matupi oligarchic.

Ofunika mu mapangidwe umoyo-andale a dongosolo boma la boma inalili Hrs derali. Republic Novgorod unali ndi akumane malo achilengedwe ndi zinthu woopsa nyengo. Izi makamaka angaletsedwe chitukuko cha ulimi (makolo mu Russia). Osauka anayamba kupanga ndi ulimi wa chakudya. Kwambiri pa zinthu zaulimi (kuphatikizapo chakudya) Novgorod anafunikira kuwomboledwa m'madera oyandikana nawo, kupatsana iwo zinthu zamanja ndi katundu ku West. Choncho, malo ake apadera chinachititsa kuti a malonda ndi luso asapita m'chigawochi. Zimenezi, zinachititsa kwambiri (kuposa boma Kievan) ufulu zachuma ndi kufunika chikhalidwe cha amalonda ndi amisiri, chitukuko cha zomangamanga m'mizinda.

Chinthu chachikulu chuma likulu, osati dziko. Choncho unakhazikitsidwa wapadera zinthu zokhudza ndi zachilendo (kwa akale Russia) mawonekedwe bolodi mu boma.

Novgorod Republic kukhala malonda ndi mizinda yakunja ndi zina maukulu Russian.