Zosangalatsa za mabuku. mabuku. Woyamba kusindikizidwa buku

Kuwerenga Imatithandiza maganizo, amachititsa ubongo ntchito mwachangu, amalola kuthawa mavuto ndi nthawi mokondwa. Zonsezi si ya atumwi anthu odziwika. Kodi pali mfundo zosangalatsa za mabuku? Yankho la funsoli anapereka m'nkhani ino.

Zosangalatsa za mabuku

Priss Papyrus - amakezana buku mozizwitsa anasunga lero. wolemba walenga ntchito kubwerera mu zaka 3350 Khristu asanabwere. Mbiri ya buku chikusonyeza kuti izo zinali kupezeka mu mzinda wa Thebes, amene anali mumzinda wina mapiramidi.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti nkhani imene yakhudza wolemba, ndi chidwi nzika za dziko masiku ano. Priss mu ntchito yake ikufotokoza nkhondo mibadwo. Mlengi wa buku amakezana anadandaula zoipa za mnyamata amene anakhala pa nthawi. Iye limatonza anyamata ndi atsikana ulesi ndi kusaphunzira, anapatsa iwo makhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Lero, amtunduwu mwini National Library, yomwe ili ku Paris.

"Daimondi Sutra"

Chidwi ndi zosangalatsa za woyamba buku lisindikizidwe. Otere kaye "Daimondi Sutra" - ntchito Indian kumasuliridwa mu Chinese. Chinese Van Chi ankayimira nkhani May 11 zaka 868.

Buku chodabwitsa ndi mayina operekedwa mapepala asanu a m'lemba. Komanso pali chinsalu cha chosema, chimene chimafotokoza Buddha. Amadziwika kuti pa chilengedwe cha ntchito za mmisiri Chinese ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Stamps-otchulidwa zinalengedwa mbuye wa dongo, ndiye inakazitentha ntchito uvuni wapadera. Kangapo anali kuti adzathe kuyamba chilengedwe cha nkhonya, koma Van Chi anatsimikizira munthu wamakani. Paper kuti wasiya ndi Chinese, anali wolimba ndi wandiweyani, anafuna kuti kuteteza nzika za bukhu lake.

Kutulukira yosindikiza

Amadziwika kuti anayambitsa kusindikiza ndi German Johannes Gutenberg, icho chinachitika padziko 1445. Gutenberg analenga osati atolankhani, koma aloyi ntchito polenga makalata tinkawasindikiza foundry makina, wosasintha lopinda. Komanso ngongole zake chitukuko cha inki mwapadera anakonza.

Gutenberg Baibulo - woyamba kusindikizidwa buku, analengedwa ndi namatetule German. Izi zinachitika zaka 50 za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu. Izi zinali nthawi imene mpingo ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pafupifupi hafu ya incunabula onse anathera chipembedzo. Ofalitsa woyamba ndafuna ambiri makope - pafupifupi panali kwa mazana atatu. Masiku amenewo, mabuku adakali akusowa tsamba. Information za wolemba, mutu, chaka cha buku, ndi zina zotero anapereka kumapeto. Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15, nkhaniyi anakhala likupezeka pa tsamba loyamba.

"Mtumwi" - woyamba kusindikizidwa buku lofalitsidwa mu Russia, mfundo amene anapulumuka masiku ano. ulemu uli printmaker Ivan Fedorov, yemwe amakhala ku Moscow. Amadziwika kuti ntchito pa chidutswa inatha mu 1564. Makumi asanu makope zilipo, amaonedwa rarities. Kodi sunaletse kuli mabuku lofalitsidwa zisanachitike.

Kwambiri kuleza buku

Baibulo mwina kwambiri kuleza opangidwa mu dziko, watsikira kwa masiku athu. Bukhu la mbiriyakale limati mu 303 BC, mfumu Diocletian analamula kupha anthu onse a m'banja, ngati m'Baibulo m'nyumba. Mu 1229 kuletsa kuwerenga ntchito imeneyi wamba anali ndi akapolo Toulouse Cathedral. Mu 1793, kalikiliki kulimbana inatsogolera boma la France kuti buku lopatulika, kulimbikitsa "ufumu la kuganiza." anthu amene sanafune kusiya chikhulupiriro chawo, pansi anafa mozunzika. N'zosadabwitsa kuti lamulo inatenga zaka zinayi.

Kodi mungachite amatiuza za m'Baibulo? Mwachitsanzo, ayenera kudziwa kuti palibe buku la amene wakhalapo, sankatha kubwereza kutchuka kwake. mankhwala amagwiritsa kufunika zonse mkulu kwa zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri. kafukufuku mu 2013 anasonyeza kuti Baibulo limene linatuluka mu 2056 zinenero ndi zinenero zina zambiri, ndipo iwo onse, palibe zoposa zikwi zitatu.

Baibulo - mankhwala osati kuleza mtima, komanso uneneri. Asayansi amanena kuti chikuchitika pa maulosi 3 zikwi m'lembo.

About m'malaibulale

Kumene, pali ena mfundo zodabwitsa za mabuku kuti zingakope chidwi owerenga. Mwachitsanzo, mu masiku akale mabuku ankazionetsa pa maalumali mkati mizu. Izi zinali zofunikira chifukwa chakuti mizu ya ntchito sanali amasiyana bata. Ngati iwo ankachitira mosasamala, iwo nthawi yomweyo anapita kutali, chifukwa mu mabuku anamwazikana.

zaka zambirimbiri zapitazo, kuwerenga anali mtengo chizolowezi, ndipo unali kupezeka ndi anthu olemera. Mabuku amene anali mu malaibulale onse, kunali kosatheka kuti kuba. Kuteteza mabuku wapatali ntchito unyolo yaitali ndi amene anali Ufumuyo maalumali.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti "bookworms" - si anthu amene sangathe kukhala popanda kuwerenga. Tizilombo, akhaipisa voliyumu, kodi alipo.

lalikulu

Inu simungakhoze kuchoka popanda chidwi ndi zosangalatsa za mabuku ana. Ndi pa owerenga wamng'ono ndi ntchito maganizo "Buku lalikulu mu dziko ana." The brainchild wa kusindikiza nyumba "John" anabwera kuwala mu 2004. Utali chozizwitsa buku ali mamita asanu, m'lifupi mamita atatu. Yerekezerani ndi yofanana ndi chipinda ambiri m'kanyumba kakang'ono. Kukhudzidwa ndi kulemera kwa mabuku, chomwe makilogalamu okwana 492. Lili ndakatulo ndi olemba otchuka Russian pano ndi zithunzi zokongola.

Poyamba, udindo wa buku lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse ali ndi "Superbook", linatuluka mu Denver mu 1976. Volume kulemera ndi 252 makilogalamu, akuupereka "padziko lonse lapansi buku aang'ono" ndi mawu a kukula.

laling'ono

Buku ting'onoting'ono kwambiri padziko imatengedwa kuti ndi mankhwala lakonzedwa ana. Ndi za nthano "Old Mfumu Cole", lofalitsidwa mu 1985. Chidwi woyamba buku kukula, zomwe si kupitirira millimeter lofanana mbali zonse. N'zoonekeratu kuti nkhani popanda zipangizo zina zapadera sizingatheke. Okwana pali 85 mabuku a "Old Mfumu Cole".

Miyeso ofanana ndi mabuku ena m'gulu mndandanda wa mabuku ochepa kwambiri pa dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lalikulu ladziko la France, kope la Korani, English Dictionary, lomwe lili ndi mawu pafupifupi 12 chikwi.

zosonkhanitsira chodabwitsa

Inde, zosangalatsa za mabuku sikuthera pamenepo. Ndi palibe chinsinsi chimene iwo angakhoze osati kuwerenga, komanso kusonkhanitsa. Amazing zosonkhanitsira anasonkhana ndi Chitaliyana Rio Kozelli. Munthu uyu amafuna kugula onse wotopetsa kwambiri mu dziko la ku ntchito ndi kale akwaniritsa bwino zoonekeratu m'munda umenewu. kunyumba zosonkhanitsira lake lili makope oposa zikwi khumi. Bakuman limanena kuti ndakatulo-woluza anayesera kudzipha pamene ananena kuti analenga zonse alipo mu Kozell deta.

mabuku anasonkhana m'njira zosiyanasiyana, eni kugula iwo, kutenga cholowa kapena mphatso. Njira kwambiri choyambirira anasankhidwa ndi Steven Blumberg, amene basi kuba ntchito kawirikawiri. Anapeza kuti laibulale anasonkhana chigawenga, inkakhala makope za 23 chikwi. Iwo anali wakhalidwe loipa malaibulale za 268. Mtengo wa chopereka anali za $ 20 miliyoni. Kudutsa mu laibulale wina Bloomberg anali okonzekera chilichonse. Iye akanati ngakhale kulowa nyumba kudzera pamalo kutsinde, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo mpweya wabwino.

lero

Kodi tikhoza kukumbukira zosangalatsa za mabuku ano? Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ambiri mwa alendo a Mabukunso - anthu amene kale analowa pakhomo makumi anai tsiku lobadwa. Ndipo ambiri a unyinji ino akazi okongola.

Zosangalatsa za mabuku amasonyeza kuti masiku ano wotchuka kwambiri audiobook. anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti iwo anatulukira ndi munthu wina amene ankafuna ntchito kuthandiza anthu akhungu ndi bwinobwino. Kufunika kwa mabuku pakompyuta wakhala ananeneratu mwamsanga ndi zaka zao za sikisite Mu zaka zapitazo, ulemu umene uli wa olemba nkhani yopeka.

Asayansi amanena kuti chidwi owerenga ndi mankhwala ena akuyamba kuchepa pamene iye afika ku tsamba chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Komabe, pali buku limene adakali ndi kuwerenga kuti mapeto. Iwo ali kusimba mutu: ". Buku, amene sangathe kudziwa" The brainchild wa kufalitsa Argentine kwenikweni ndi bwino kuwerenga nthawi yomweyo. Apo ayi, mkati miyezi iwiri inki sadzaoneka, ndiye owerenga adzayenera amasirira masamba kanthu.

Kodi china chimene muyenera kudziwa

mfundo Kodi zina zosangalatsa za mabuku mungatchule? bukhulo lomwe lili ndi chidwi kwambiri mu mutu dziko linatuluka mu 1633 ku London. Title kokha za mizere 45, koma tiri pafupi kwathunthu kwa expletives. Tikuyankhula zokhudza ntchito yapadera ya zisudzo Chotero chamutu muli adiresi ya nkhondo ya zisudzo ndi atsogoleri.