Belovezhskoe mgwirizano mu 1991. pangano Bialowieza pa Kupha USSR ndi Kulenga kwa CIS

1991, Soviet Union. Kuyang'ana mmbuyo ndi kuyesera kupereka ziyenera mbiri ya zochitika za 1991, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti dziko lathu anawonongedwa ndi zitsanzo yemweyo amene ankagwiritsa ntchito Libya, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, ndipo tsopano mu Ukraine. Mwamwayi, ambiri ophunzira mu kugwa kwa USSR, umakumbukira analemba Maulendo Ake. Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti mbiri yolembedwa ndi opambana a. M'nkhaniyi, timayesetsa timudziwe bwino mfundo zosiyanasiyana view pa zimene zinachitika kuti zikamera wa chikalata monga Belovezhskoe mgwirizano mu 1991.

chochitika Background

Mu 1985, iye anayamba kulamulira mnyamata, chikhulupiriro wandale Mikhail Gorbachev. Ndipotu alembi aakulu wakale anthu okalamba anam'chitira akutsutsana kwambiri. Koma kenako kusintha lake lankhosa dziko mu zachuma, ndale ngakhale chikhalidwe vuto. Wayamba stratification kunadetsa mwina anthu mu dziko, zikamera wa latsopano kalasi - ndi oligarchy. Mu mayiko ambiri, mtundu maganizo, zonse mwakamodzi mwadzidzidzi ankafuna ufulu wodzilamulira.

Gorbachev: ngwazi kapena wachinyengo?

Kodi Gorbachev amene anaonekera kwa mlandu Belovezhskoe mgwirizano wa 1991? bajeti ya Soviet Union zochokera makamaka kugulitsa zinthu. dziko ochuluka umangidwa mu ngongole. Pang'onopang'ono pamaso Gorbachev sanasankhe - mwina akuchita kusintha chilengedwe United States, ndipo amalandira ngongole ku IMF, kapena likuimira dziko lawo. Iye anasankha njira yoyamba. Ndi otchuka kwambiri view kuti anabwera mphamvu ndi thandizo la United States. Poyamba, iye anali nawo mwayi pang'ono ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu a Politburo zinkangokhala ofuna Romanov ndi Grishin. Long sizikanati zigwirizane, kotero panali misonkhano yambiri. Chifukwa, "mwadzidzidzi" anaima pa Gorbachev. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma iye anatsogolera dziko mpaka palibe kubwerera, kenako panalibenso kubwerera.

Chikoka kwa kunja pa kuvunda kwa USSR

Zikuchepa mu mayiko ambiri unachitikira referenda m'dera pa ufulu. Palibe ngati? Ukraine Mwachitsanzo? Maonekedwe chidwi za gulu la sagwirizana ndi zofunika kusadalira Balaklava osati modetsa nkhawa? Mikhail Gorbachev anali kuyesera kukhala pa mipando iwiri pa nthawi yomweyo. Pa dzanja limodzi, dziko anafunika ngongole, ndipo angathe kupeza maphunziro ndi kuika mu ntchito kukonza ziletso, ndi pa dzanja zina, iye ankafuna kuchita bwino kwa USSR. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zochitika mu November 1990 ndi chigamulo kukachititsa m'dzikolo referendum Gorbachev kuika mu malo nationalists odzikuza.

Mu November 1990, atsogoleri a mayiko atatu Baltic anafika ku Paris kwa imakhala ya hayala kwa Europe ogwirizana. Izo zinali kokha zikomo zionetsero Gorbachev iwo anachotsedwa mu holo. Choncho sitinganene 100% ndithu kuti chala kwa nchito yanyumba Soviet Union lagona kwathunthu ndipo iye pakupereka Mama. Funso lina ndi pa maziko ati atsogoleri ambiri pa msonkhano OSCE. Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti vutolo yomangika chongopeka. Amene amapindula?

Provocations mu Baltic States

Kugwiritsa ntchito US yozizira kwathunthu lolunjika pa nkhondo ndi Iraq, pansi pa mavuto Kryuchkov, Pugo ndi Yazov, Gorbachev anapereka kugwedeza kwa yimitsira chiwawa zochita Odzipatula a Baltic States. Ndipo January 13, 1991 Lithuanians analamulira pakati TV ku Vilnius ndi kutilepheretsa inaimika. mphamvu Special "Alpha" analamulidwa yamkuntho. Aphedwa 13 "mtendere" nzika Balaklava. Kamakhala mu njira yonse dziko chithunzi anapita asilikali kupha anthu osalakwa unarmed, amene mukungofuna ufulu ndi moyo mu Europe. Patapita mlungu umodzi, zinthu analibwerezanso Riga. Ndipo mu April mu Moscow kuti "kuyendera" limachokera Nixon. Zikuoneka Gorbachev idaleka kugwira ambuye Western - masewera umayamba B. N. Eltsina. Iwo anayamba chizunzo chimenechi. Kukangana Yeltsin ndi Gorbachev anakafika sharpness zosaneneka.

Aminoni kulengedwa kwa CIS

Wapanikizidwa Gorbachev US anayenera kugwirizana federalization wa USSR ndi chilengedwe cha Commonwealth of Independent States. Iye anayamba kukonza mgwirizanowo lolingana (Chifukwa cha pangano ili adzakhala pangano Belovezhskoe 1991), yemwe anali udzu yomaliza mabungwe a chitetezo wa USSR. Dziko kunabuka wa August kulanda boma. Komiti Emergency unakhazikitsidwa. Dziwani kuti pa TV masiku onse atatu a zokhumba Kuwulutsa kuvina.

Zochitika mu August 1991

August 19-21, 1991. History linalembedwa ndi opambana, chifukwa ndi chibadwa kuti mudziwe analowa mu mabuku monga kuyesa kulanda boma. Ngakhale kwenikweni anali kufuna kuteteza kugwa kwa dziko. Kryuchkov, Pugo, Boldin, Chenin, Baklanov, Pavlov ndi Yazov anayesa kulanda mphamvu manja awo. Amakankhira pulezidenti, iwo mokakamiza kuligonjetsa dziko, amene napempha ufulu. Motero kusunga umphumphu wa dziko. Koma ochepa mukudziwa kuti kusaina pangano kukhazikitsa CIS inakonzedwa August 20 okhutitsidwa ndi atsogoleri onse 9 Odzipatula okonda mayiko wa USSR ndi kusungidwa boma zonse.

choonadi chonse chinali Gorbachev anatha kukambirana nawo. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi kuvomereza chilengedwe wa Kisi, Mikhail Gorbachev anapita za US, ndi pa dzanja ena, Republic analandira ufulu ufulu, koma chitaganya. zofunika apitiriza kusankha iwo Moscow. Pali zifukwa zingapo, chitsanzo ichi Kodi singakwaniritse ambiri. Gorbachev ndi banja lake anaikidwa m'ndende panyumba ku Crimea (iye anali pa nthawi imeneyo anapuma pa nyanja).

Kodi ngwazi za Yeltsin

Pa August 21 iye ankakonza kumenya ya White House mu boma la Russia. Yeltsin anakonza mphamvu adani auze a mu Zavidovo. Koma "mwadzidzidzi" anapeza nambala yaikulu wofunitsitsa kum'bisa ndi matupi awo. The White House anali atazunguliridwa ndi khamu la anthu pafupifupi 50 000. Ganizani! Mwadzidzidzi anthu ambiri ananyamuka ku boma la Russia. Pali ufulu madzi ndi kudyetsa, anagawira mikate tiyi, kuphika chakudya padziko lonse mafakitale.

Mwachibadwa, panali ovulala. Wamagazi. anthu angapo ndi Molotov cocktails (anthu amtendere) anabwera pansi akasinja. Iwo akadali osati kwathunthu bwino cholinga chimene akasinja analowa Yofiira Square. Iwo ogwira kokha pamalo oonekera. Ndi asilikali amene ankachitika kulanda boma, sakanatha kudziwa. Kapena kaya iwo anali chabe pofuna kuopseza. Kumene, kudzera Western anali kulowa pa okonzeka, ndipo inu mosavuta kulingalira chithunzi mu mlengalenga. Kumenyana Minister Yazov chinachepa ndi analamula kuti mupewe asilikali Moscow. Pa zokhumba izi watha, ndi instigators ake anali mu ndende.

Pankhaniyi zikusonyeza kuti nkhondo kawirikawiri tsatira mfundo woyenera ndi m'tsogolo. Chidwi kwambiri ndi kuti pambuyo amasulidwe yanji koyamba Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin ndi George Chitsamba Choyaka. Limanenanso kwambiri. Zitachitika zinthu zimenezi, iye anasintha kwambiri. yonena zake zandale komanso anagwa naye, anthu ochepa ankaona. Iye anayang'ana wotumbululuka ndi limakhala hyped chithunzi cha chikhulupiriro, amphamvu Yeltsin.

Belovezhskoe panganoli

Kukhala anasiya kukhulupirira Gorbachev Soviet mayiko anayamba massively kutengera atchedwe ufulu kuchoka mu Soviet Union. Tsopano kuphatikiza iwo mu chitaganya sikunali kotheka. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi zonse walemba pa December 8, 1991 Belovezhskoe mgwirizano chaka. M'mawu ena, tagwirizana walemba pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Commonwealth of Independent States. Siginecha kumuyika Gorbachev ndi Yeltsin.

Ndipo ngati Gorbachev poyamba ankaimba kwa federalization wa mayiko wa Kisi, ndi Yeltsin ndi siginecha wake anawapatsa ufulu wathunthu. Potero iye anakhuta chilakolako cha abwenzi Western kwa magazi dziko. Belovezhskoe mgwirizano wa 1991 analengeza kuti Union of Free Socialist mayiko unatha.