Soviet mphamvu. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet

Pambuyo pa mapeto a October kuukira boma, woyamba boma Soviet anakhazikitsa m'madera ambiri m'dzikoli. Izo zinachitika mu nthawi yochepa - by March 1918 m'mizinda yambiri akuzigawo ndi zina zikuluzikulu za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet zapita mwamtendere. Nkhaniyi itithandiza kuona mmene zimenezi zinachitikira.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet

Chigonjetso loyamba la asilikali kunachitika mizu m'dera Central. Yogwira asilikali pa misonkhano kutsogolo amadziŵika ndi zochitika wotsatira. Ndi apa kuti boma Union anayamba kunena yokha. 1917 anali wamagazi ndithu. Kulimbikitsa anthu kusintha Petrograd, ku Baltic ndi udindo waukulu nyimbo ndi Baltic zombo. Ndi November 1917 ya Black Sea oyendetsa kuthetsa kukana wa Mensheviks ndi SRs, ndipo anatitenga chikalata chimene anazindikira Anthu Commissars, lotsogoledwa ndi V. I. Leninym. Pankhaniyi, Far East ndi North wa dziko boma Soviet sanalandire thandizo kwambiri. Zimenezi zathandizira kuti kenako pamwamba alowererepo pa nkhani zimenezi.

Cossacks

Iwo anali zokwanira kukana. Pa Don anapanga maziko a asilikali a ongodzipereka ndipo adalenga pakati woyera. yotsirizira panafika atsogoleri a Cadets ndi Octobrists Milyukov, Struve ndi zokomera chosintha Savinkov. Iwo anali ndi pulogalamu ndale. Iwo anali mu mtima wa indivisibility la Russia, Assembly Constituent, komanso kumasulidwa kwa dziko ku Bolshevik mwankhanza. "White kayendedwe" mu nthawi yochepa anapindula thandizo la French, British ndi American nthumwi za mgwirizano wa mayiko, komanso nyumba yamalamulo Chiyukireniya. Muzikonza nawo asilikali amanyansidwa inayamba mu January 1918. White alonda anachita mkulu wa Kornilov, amene analetsa kudya akaidi. "White Mantha" anayamba ndi ichi.

Chigonjetso wa Red alonda pa Don

Mu khumi zoyambirira za January 1918 pa Cossack msonkhano wa frontline mbali Soviet boma anapanga Committee Chiwukirano usilikali. mutu wake anakhala F. G. Podtelkov. Kumbuyo kwake anayenda ambiri Cossacks. Pa nthawi yomweyo Don Red Alonda detachments anatumizidwa, nthawi yomweyo anapita tingalimbanirane. White Cossack asilikali anayenera abwerere kwa Salsk steppe. Muzikonza nawo asilikali akuona Kuban. Don Soviet Republic unakhazikitsidwa pa March 23.

ndi Orenburg Cossacks

Iwo ankapita ndi Ataman Dutov. Kumayambiriro November, iye disarmed Orenburg bungwe ananena kutengapo mbali. Kenako Dutov pamodzi ndi Chikazaki ndi Bashkir nationalists anayenda Verhneuralsk ndi Chelyabinsk. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo linasokonekera kugwirizana Moscow ndi Petrograd ndi ku Central Asia ndi South Siberia. Malinga ndi chigamulo cha boma la Soviet ndi Dutova iwo anatumizidwa detachments wa Red alonda a Urals, Ufa, Samara, Petrograd. Iwo amapereka mwa gulu la Chikazaki, Chitata ndi Bashkir osauka. Chakumapeto February 1918 Dutova asilikali anagonjetsedwa.

Kukangana mu zigawo national

M'magawo awa, boma la Soviet anali atayambana osati ndi Provisional boma. Magulu chosintha anali kuyesera kuti aphwanye kukana ndi mphamvu SR-Menshevik ndi bourgeoisie mtundu. Mu October-November 1917, boma la Soviet tawina ku Estonia, m'madera ulesi a Belarus ndi Latvia. Komanso kuletsedwa kukana Baku. Apa boma Soviet chinakhalapo mpaka August 1918. Onse a Transcaucasia anali mchikakamizo cha Odzipatula a. Mwachitsanzo, mu Georgia, mphamvu anali mu manja a Mensheviks, ku Armenia ndipo Azerbaijan - Musavat ndi Dashnaks (zazing'ono-bourgeois maphwando). Ndi May 1918, madera a mabwalo bourgeois-demokalase unakhazikitsidwa.

Yasintha ku Ukraine. Choncho, Kharkov mu December 1917, Chiyukireniya Soviet Republic analengeza. Magulu chosintha anakwanitsa kugonjetsa chapakati Rada. Havayo, analengeza mapangidwe Anthu a mabwalo wodzilamulira. Kusiya Kiev, yamalamulo ili mu Zhytomyr. Apo iye anali pansi pa chitetezero cha asilikali a ku Germany. Ndi March 1918, boma la Soviet anakhazikitsa lokha ku Central Asia ndi Crimea, kuwonjezera pa Emirate wa Bukhara ndi Khiva Khanate.

Kulimbana ndale mu zigawo chapakati

Ngakhale kuti mu zaka zoyambirira za mphamvu Soviet ndi kupanduka mongodzipereka asilikali anagonjetsedwa mu zigawo zikuluzikulu za dziko, mu malo a chitsutso akadali zikuchitika. Chimake cha kulimbana ndale anali convening wa Congress Chachitatu ndi Assembly Constituent. Inakhalapo boma provisional ya Soviet Union. Izo zimayenera ntchito mpaka Assembly Constituent. Naye misa zimachitika mapangidwe dongosolo latsopano la m'dziko pamlingo voti. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chiyembekeza Msonkhano Constituent ndipo anamukhomera otsutsa mphamvu Soviet. The Bolsheviks, zinali zaphindu, chifukwa mgwirizano wawo adzaononga ndale militias maziko.

Kamodzi Romanov anali antchito, mtundu wa boma mu dziko ayenera kudziwa Assembly Constituent. Komabe, boma wogwirizira kulephereka convocation ake. Iwo anayesera kupeza m'malo msonkhano, kupanga State demokalase ndi kukumana ndi Pre-yamalamulo. Zonsezi chifukwa cha kusamvetsa Cadets kupeza ambiri. Boma ndi Mensheviks, azungu kukwaniritsa udindo wawo mu Provisional boma. Komabe, pambuyo utasintha, iwonso anayamba kufunafuna ndi convening wa Assembly Constituent m'chiyembekezo kulanda mphamvu.

chisankho

mawu awo inakhazikitsidwa pa November 12 ndi Provisional boma. convening tsiku msonkhano atsimikiza ngati January 5, 1918. Pa nthawi imene boma la Soviet anali maphwando 2 - ndi SRs Kumanzere ndi Bolsheviks. Choyamba anatuluka ngati kuyanjana palokha wa Congress choyamba. Kuvota zinachitika pa mndandanda phwando. gawo wofunika kwambiri wa mwademokalase ndi lonse la Assembly Constituent wa anthu. Wapamwamba zidakwezekanso pamaso pa chiyambi cha zisinthe. Monga mbali ya Assembly Constituent anali:

• SRs (52.5%) - 370 mipando.
• The Bolsheviks (24.5%) - 175.
• SRs kumanzere (5.7%) - 40.
• Cadets - 17 mipando.
• Mensheviks (2.1%) - 15.
• Enes (0,3%) - 2.
• Oimira mayanjano osiyana mitundu - 86 mipando.

The SRs Kumanzere, amene anapanga pa nthawi ya chisankho, chipani zatsopano nawo chisankho ngakhale pa mndandanda limodzi, wasenza pamaso zitasintha. Iwo Kumanja SRs m'gulu ambiri nthumwi zake. Kuyambira Chiwerengerochi zikuonekeratu kuti anthu dziko wakonda ndi Bolsheviks, ndi Mensheviks ndi SRs - mayanjano zokomera, chiwerengero cha nthumwi ku Nyumba Constituent amene anali oposa 86%. Motero, nzika ya Russia ndithu analenga kusankha njira zina. Ndi anayamba kulankhula pa kutsegula kwa Constituent Assembly Chernov - mtsogoleri wa Socialist-boma. The ziyenera a chithunzi chimenechi chikusonyeza bwino ndithu zenizeni za mbiri yakale, ndi kumakana Mawu a akatswiri a mbiri yakale kuti anthu anakana njira zokomera.

gawo

Pa Assembly Constituent adzakhala ndi kuvomereza kapena njira osankhidwa a chitukuko pa Congress Chachiwiri, Watsimikiza pa Land and mu dziko, ntchito za mphamvu Soviet, kapena anayesa kusintha akupeza ake. Kutsutsana mphamvu, amene anali ambiri mu msonkhano, anakana kuphwanya. Ndiyeno pa January 5, pulogalamu Bolshevik anakanidwa, Bungwe la ntchito boma sichinayambe naye. Panthawi imeneyi, panali kuopseza abwereranso ku SR-bourgeois boma. Poyankha, gululo wa Bolsheviks, kenako, ndi Kumanzere Socialist boma kumanzere msonkhano. Onse a anthu ake anakhala mpaka asanu m'mawa. holo panafika nthumwi 160 kuchokera 705 Pa 5 ndine woyendetsa-anarchist Zheleznyakov - Mutu chitetezo - anabwera Chernov ndipo anati: "The alonda watopa!". mawuwa wakhala mbiri. Chernov analengeza kuti msonkhano kulephereka kwa tsiku lotsatira. Komabe, pa January 6, Komiti Executive chapakati inaika lamulo kupasuka Assembly Constituent. zinthu sakanakhoza kusintha ndi ziwonetsero, amene unakonzedwa ndi Socialist-boma ndi Mensheviks. Panali mu Moscow ndi Petrograd, ndipo palibe ovulala. zinthu zimenezi chinali chiyambi cha kugawanika mu zipani zokomera m'magulu awiri otsutsanawa.

Akamaliza atasemphana

Zochita chomaliza zokhudza Assembly Constituent ndi tsogolo la kapangidwe boma la dziko Analeredwa pa Congress Chachitatu. January 10 akambirane msonkhano wa asilikali ndi Antchito. 13 anakumana ndi oimira Onse-Russian Congress wa Alimi. Kuyambira nthawi tinayamba ikugunda chopita m'nyengo Soviet.

pomaliza

Msonkhano ovomerezeka komanso mfundo ndi zochitika ikuchitika, boma la Soviet - Komiti chapakati Executive ndi CPC, ndi kuvunda kwa Assembly. Komanso pa msonkhano anali ovomerezeka zochita za lamulo lalikhulu ladziko kuti mwalamulo la Soviet boma. Mwa zofunika ambiri a iwo - Chikalata "Pa ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi anthu akubera", "Pa mabungwe a dziko la Republic", komanso Chilamulo pa socialization m'dziko. Boma wogwirizira antchito ndi amphawi anadzatchedwa Commissars la Anthu. Zisanachitike, Chikalata pa ufulu wa anthu Russian. Komanso, CPC anatembenukira kwa Asilamu amene anapita kukagwira mu East ndi ku Russia. Nawonso, analalikira za ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa nzika, anakopeka antchito a mitundu yosiyanasiyana chifukwa wamba akusangalala sosholisimu. Mu 1921, anayamba ndalama timbewu ulamuliro wa Soviet.