Berlin Wall: mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi chiwonongeko. Kugwa kwa Wall Berlin

Mu nkhaniyi, Wall Berlin tidzakambirana. Mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi chiwonongeko cha zovuta pakati mphamvu wapamwamba chikusonyeza chidani ndi ndi chimake cha "nkhondo ozizira".

Mudzaphunzira osati zimayambitsa chinjoka chimenechi makilomita ambiri, komanso kudziwa chidwi mfundo zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo ndi kugwa kwa "Anti-lopondereza kumbuyo khoma."

Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri

Pamaso Tikudziwa amene anamanga Wall Berlin, m'pofunika kulankhula za ziriri pano pa nthawi imeneyo ku boma.

Atagonjetsedwa ku nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Germany anali kulamulidwa ndi limati anayi. gawo la kumadzulo anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Britain, United States ndi France, ndi mayiko asanu kum'mawa kulamulidwa ndi Soviet Union.

Kenako tikambirana mmene zinthu pang'onopang'ono mkangano pa "Cold nkhondo." Komanso kambiranani chifukwa chitukuko cha m'mayiko awiriwa, zochokera mu mabacteria kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa mphamvu, anapita njira zosiyana kwambiri.

GDR

Monga momwe tidzaonera zambiri, mbiri ya Wall Berlin limasonyeza malo a kugunda kwa bloc zokomera ndi mayiko a azungu, komanso kulekanitsidwa pang'onopang'ono mbali mphamvu limodzi.

Mu October 1949, a German Democratic Republic unakhazikitsidwa. Inakhalapo pafupifupi theka la chaka mapangidwe a FRG.

GDR litatenga dera la mayiko asanu amene anali pansi pa boma la Soviet Union. Izi zinaphatikizapo Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Brandenburg, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Kenako, mbiri ya Wall Berlin isonyeza kusiyana kuti akhoza kupangidwa pakati pa misasa kumenyana. Malinga ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, West Berlin anali wosiyana East monga London pa nthawi ya Tehran ndi Seoul ku Pyongyang.

Germany

Mu May 1949, dziko la Germany Federal anakhazikitsidwa. Berlin khoma zaka khumi kulekanitsa izo kwa mnansi wake kum'mawa. Padakali pano, boma yatsala wobwezeretsedwa ndi thandizo la maiko amene asilikali anaima pa madera ake.

Choncho, poyamba French, American ndi British utakhala mabacteria mu zaka zinayi pambuyo pamapeto pake Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World inasanduka Germany. Popeza gawo pakati pa mbali ziwiri za Germany kunachitika mu Berlin, likulu la boma latsopano anakhala Bonn.

Kenako Koma dziko wayamba nkhani mkangano pakati pa bloc zokomera ndi capitalist West. Mu 1952, Iosif Stalin akufuna pa demilitarization la Germany ndi linakhalapo pambuyo wofooka, koma boma limodzi.

US akana ntchito ndi mothandizidwa ndi chikonzero Marshall akutembenukira Germany West mu mphamvu mofulumira kukula. Kwa zaka fifitini, kuyambira 1950, pali Boom amphamvu kwambiri amene historiography amatchedwa "chozizwitsa chuma".
Koma standoff chimafikira pakati atilakwira.

Berlin mavuto mu 1961

Pa zosayembekezereka ya "m'firiji pamtunda" mu Cold nkhondo atasemphana akuyamba kachiwiri. Chifukwa china anawomberedwa pansi pa Soviet Union, ndi American kazitape ndege.

Kumasula nkhondo lotsatira, zinachititsa Wall Berlin. Chaka yomanga imeneyi kuuma chipilala ndi kupusa - 1961 TH, koma kwenikweni wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale ngati si mu umunthu zakuthupi.

Choncho Stalin nthawi zinachititsa kuti zikuluzikulu manja mtundu, amene yochepa anaima ndi Kutulukira tonse mivi intercontinental ballistic.

Tsopano, mu mwambo wa nkhondo, ukulu nyukiliya sanali mu mphamvu wapamwamba.
Kuyambira nthawi ya nkhondo Korea, nkhawa amanga kachiwiri. Peak makokedwe zitsulo Berlin ndi Cuba mavuto chida. Monga mbali ya nkhani ndife chidwi woyamba. Izo zinachitika mu August 1961, chifukwa cha zinali kulengedwa kwa Wall Berlin.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, monga takambirana kale, Germany unagawidwa limati awiri - capitalist ndi zokomera. Pa mkhalidwe wapadera, mu 1961, Khrushchev akudutsa kulamulira kwa gawo la azikhala wa GDR mu Berlin. Mbali ya mzinda womwewo, amene anali a Republic of Germany Federal, anapita kwa anatseka misewu US ndi ogwirizana ake.

musankhepo Khrushchev ndi nkhawa West Berlin. Mtsogoleri wa anthu Soviet udzafunidwa demilitarization ake. otsutsa Western wa bloc zokomera anati kusagwirizana.

zinali zaka zingapo Limbo. Ulendo Khrushchev kwa US, ankangoona kuti zimachepetsa zinthu. Komabe, chochitika ndi kazitape ndege U-2 waika molimba mtanda kuthekera easing ndi atasemphana.

Zotsatira zake zinali chimodzi ndi theka zikwi asilikali zina US ku West Berlin ndi kumanga mpanda motsatizana mu mzindawo ndi ngakhale kupitirira, pa mbali ya GDR.

Deti la pomanga "Anti-lopondereza kumbuyo khoma" imatengedwa kuti August 13, 1961.

mpanda

Kotero, ili m'malire limati awiri wakhala anamanga Wall Berlin. Mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi chiwonongeko cha chipilala kuuma tidzakambirana zina.

Mu 1961, chifukwa masiku awiri (kuchokera August 13 mpaka 15) anali anatambasula waya waminga, mwadzidzidzi gawo si dziko komanso banja ndi tsogolo la anthu wamba. Pambuyo nyumba yaitali kuti inatha yekha mu 1975.

kutsinde izi zonse zinatha zaka twente eyiti. Pa chomaliza (mu 1989), zovuta m'gulu khoma konkire za mamita atatu ndi hafu yaitali ndipo woposa makilomita zana. Komanso, chikuphatikizapo sikisite-sikisi makilomita zitsulo mauna, makilomita oposa makumi awiri zana chizindikiro mpanda magetsi ndi wamtunda wokwana milingo zana limodzi asanu a ngalande.

Komanso, kamangidwe anali okonzeka ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri odana thanki, nyumba malire, kuphatikizapo nsanja mazana atatu, komanso n'kupanga kulamulira, amene nthawi zonse angaimbidwenso mchenga.

Choncho, kutalika pazipita ya Wall Berlin, malinga ndi mbiri yakale amati anali makilomita oposa zana ndi makumi asanu.

Iwo anali ankamangidwanso kangapo. The ntchito yaikulu zinachitikadi mu 1975. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti malo okha anali pa checkpoints ndi pa mitsinje. Kawirikawiri poyamba ntchito wolimba mtima ndi wosachiritsika obwera "mu dziko capitalist."

Kufika malire

M'mawa pamaso pa kuyembekezera wamba kanthu GDR likulu Berlin Wall linatsegulidwa. Mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi chiwonongeko cha zovuta ikusonyeza kuti nkhope yeniyeni ya limati kumenyana. Mabanja ambiri munalekanitsidwa usiku.

Komabe, kapangidwe kutsinde sanaletse emigration zina kuchokera m'dera la East Germany. Anthu akupanga njira yawo kuwoloka mtsinje ndipo kukumba. Pa avareji (pamaso pa erection ya mpanda) tsiku kuchokera GDR kwa FRG lankhosa pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, pafupifupi hafu miliyoni. Ndipo kwa zaka twente-eyiti kuyambira yomanga mpanda si bwino 5075 kuwoloka oletsedwa kunachitika.

Pakuti ichi madzi cholinga, kumakutherani (mamita 145 mobisa), balloons ndi kukangamira gliders, muli mu mawonekedwe a magalimoto ndi magalimoto okonzera anasamukira ngakhale chingwe pakati pa nyumba.

Mbali chidwi chinali pafupi. Anthu alandira maphunziro aulere mu gawo zokomera la Germany, ndipo ntchito inayambika ku Germany chifukwa panali malipiro apamwamba.

Choncho, kutalika kwa Wall Berlin walola achinyamata mungawononge malo ake anathawira ndi apulumuke. Pakuti pensioners monga vuto lililonse mu dalaivala analibe checkpoints.

N'kuthekanso kuti ku dera la kumadzulo kwa mzinda ntchito ndi German loya Vogel. Kuyambira mu 1964 mpaka 1989, iye zinasaina pangano okwana madola biliyoni 2,7, ogulidwa kuchokera kotala GDR boma la miliyoni East Germany ndi akayidi andale.

Chomvetsa chisoni ndi chakuti anthu zothaŵa osati kumangidwa, komanso kuwomberedwa. Mwalamulo anayesedwa akuvutika 125, Mwamseri chiwerengero zikuchulukirachulukira kwambiri.

Mfundo mapulezidenti US

pang'onopang'ono kucheperachepera mphamvu ya maganizo pambuyo mavuto ndi Caribbean kutsazikana misala manja mpikisano. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ena mapulezidenti American anayamba kupanga zoyesayesa kuyitana utsogoleri Soviet kukambirana ndi kubwera kwa kuthetsa ubale.

Mwa njira imeneyi, iwo anayesa amasonyeza kuti anthu amene anamanga Wall Berlin, khalidwe lawo zosathandiza. Woyamba wa malankhulidwe awa anali kulankhula ndi Dzhona Kennedi mu June 1963. Pulezidenti American analankhula pamaso pa msonkhano zikuluzikulu pafupi Rathaus Schöneberg.

Kulankhula ichi anasiya wotchuka mawu akuti: "Ndine - mmodzi wa Berliners." -kumasulira molakwika dala translation, lero oseketsa American zambiri kutanthauzira izo monga anati mosazindikira, "Ine -. Berliner" Ndipotu, Mawu aliwonse a mawu anali calibrated ndipo anaphunzira, ndi nthabwala zachokera yekha pa umbuli wa ovuta magulu German m'mayiko ena.

Choncho Dzhon Kennedi anasonyeza thandizo lake kwa West Berlin anthu.
purezidenti wachiwiri, anatsegula mutu okhudza alonda hapless anakhala Ronald Reagan. Ndipo Goliyati pafupifupi anali Mikhail Gorbachev.

The Wall Berlin anali chisonyezo nkhondo akale ndi zosasangalatsa.
Reagan ananena Mlembi General wa CPSU, kuti ngati yotsirizira akufunafuna liberalization ubale ndi tsogolo maiko zokomera, tiyenera kubwera kwa Berlin ndi kutsegula chipata. "Phwasulani mpandawo, Bambo Gorbachev!"

Kugwa kwa mpanda

Atangoyamba mawu, chifukwa cha ulendo wa "perestroika ndi glasnost" wa mayiko zokomera bloc unayamba kugwa kwa Wall Berlin. Mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mpanda izi m'nkhani ino. Poyamba, tinakumbutsidwa ntchito yomanga ake ndi zotsatira zoipa.

Tsopano tiona kuwonongedwa kwa chipilala uchitsiru. Kamodzi mu mphamvu ya Soviet Union, Gorbachev kudoka, Wall Berlin wakhala chowakhumudwitsa. Poyambirira, mu 1961, mzinda uwu chinali chifukwa cha nkhondo pa njira ya sosholisimu mu West, koma tsopano kutsinde chinalepheretsa kulimbitsa ubwenzi pakati pa blocs kamodzi kumenyana.

Dziko loyambirira amene anawononga mbali ya khoma, anakhala Hungary. Mu August 1989, pafupi ndi tauni ya Sopron, kumalire a boma ndi Austria, panali "Pan-European masanje". The Atumiki okhonda a m'mayiko awiriwa anayambitsa liquidation wa malinga.

ndondomeko ndi kale zosatheka kuti asiye. Poyamba, boma la German Democratic Republic wakana kuchirikiza lingaliro limeneli. Komabe, kamodzi mwa dera la Hungary mu Germany anawoloka masiku atatu ndi fifitini sauzande East Germany, cholimbikitsa anali superfluous kwathunthu.

Berlin Wall pa mapu akuthamanga kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera, anawoloka mzinda womwewo. Usiku wa chinayi pa October 10, 1989 mwalamulo anatsegula malire pakati pa mbali ya kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa likulu German.

Wall mu chikhalidwe

Kwa zaka ziwiri, kuyambira 2010, chikumbutso zovuta "Berlin Wall" inamangidwa. Pa mapu pamatenga pafupifupi zinayi mahekitala. mayuro twente eyiti miliyoni anali padera kulenga chikumbutso.

The chipilala tichipeza "Windows Memory" (polemekeza Germany, anagundidwa pamene kudumpha kuchokera mazenera kuzibweretsa msewu East German Bernauer Strasse, umene uli kale mu Republic of Germany Federal). Komanso, zovuta zikuphatikizapo Chapel wa chiyanjano.

Koma osati kuti chikhalidwe cha wotchuka Wall Berlin. Photo chikusonyeza mwina yaikulu mu mbiri ya zomera zojambulajambula pansi pa thambo lotseguka. Ngati East kulimbikitsa njira sikunali kotheka, kumadzulo, onse wavala zojambula kwambiri luso aluso msewu.

Komanso, mfundo yaikulu ya "ulamuliro wa m'dzenjewo" agona mu nyimbo zambiri, ntchito mabuku, mafilimu ndi masewera a pakompyuta. Mwachitsanzo, maganizo a usiku wa chinayi mu October 1989 laperekedwa kwa nyimbo "Mphepo ya Change" gulu zinkhanira, ndi filimu "Good Bai, Lenin!" Volfganga Bekkera. Ndipo mmodzi wa makadi masewera Kuitana Udindo: Ops Black analengedwa pokumbukira zochitika pa ulendo "Charlie."

mfundo

Mtengo wa kugwa kwa Wall Berlin sangathe n'kofunika. chotchinga cha ulamuliro wankhanza chinaoneka wamba bwino ankhanza, ngakhale ndi nthawi kwambiri anatsanzika kwa zokhazikika.

N'zochititsa chidwi mu zaka zoyambilira za defectors zambiri anali asilikali vostochnonemetskie asunga khoma. Ndipo panali palibe kwambiri kapena zochepa - khumi zikwi ndodo.

Makamaka wokongola tsiku la makumi awiri ndi lachisanu la liquidation yake inali Wall Berlin. Photo amasonyeza maganizo a chiwalitsiro kuchokera kumwamba. Abale awiri Bauder yotentha ndi othandizira, amene anali kulenga Mzere mosalekeza za magetsi kuwala utali wonse wa pakhoma kale.

Tikayang'ana kafukufuku, ndi kugwa kwa kutsinde ndi kukhuta pa anthu GDR kuposa Germany. Ngakhale panali otaya waukulu kwambiri malangizo onse mu zaka zoyambilira. East Germany anaponya nyumba ndipo anapita kwa waphindu ndi chikhalidwe kutetezedwa Germany. Ndipo anthu akhama wa Republic of Germany Federal adafuna wotchipa ndi GDR, makamaka chifukwa panali zambiri nyumba anasiya.

Pa alipo Wall Berlin mu chilemba East ndalama zina zisanu ndi chimodzi zosakwana kumadzulo.

Aliyense bokosi ndi kanema masewera World Zotsutsana (Edition Zakeo a) kuyika chidutswa cha pakhoma ndi satifiketi lodalirika.

Choncho, m'nkhani ino ife tikuyidziwa chiwonetsero cha chuma, ndale ndi maganizo Chigawo cha dziko mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Zabwino zonse kwa inu, wokondedwa owerenga!