Akaidi German nkhondo mu Soviet Union kuti: zikhalidwe m'ndende, repatriation

Mu nthawi ya Soviet angapo mitu umoyo ndale ndi mbiri yakale ku chimango cha zokambirana pagulu kwa ena zifukwa maganizo. Makamaka, taboo anali ziletso pa chirichonse chimene chinali ndi chirichonse chochita ndi akaidi a nkhondo, amene anamenyera pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World kumbali ya Nazi Germany. Iwo sakuwoneka kukhalapo. Nthawiyi, malinga ndi kafukufuku boma la Unduna wa za M'dziko wa USSR, chiwerengero cha anthu amenewa analipo anthu 2.389.560, amene angafanane ndi anthu mzinda wamakono. Awa 356 678 anafa kuyembekezera kumasulidwa.

"Perete a otaika"

Pambuyo May 24, 1945 panali perete wotchuka Red Square, kutsogolo kwa womwenso ndi mausoleum anakumana asilikali asandiseke Nazi Germany, Moscow ndinkakhala nalo chinthu china chapadera. Mu mbiri anauphatikiza monga "perete la otaika." chithunzi mbiri chikuyamba.

Pa July 17 chaka chomwecho, ndi mzati wa asilikali a Ulamuliro wa Nazi Chachitatu, anagwira Soviet asilikali mayunitsi (makamaka omenyana atatu Belorussia Front), limodzi ndi operekeza zida, anali anatulutsidwa Garden mphete ndi zina misewu ena mwa likulu. Mu ulendo wathuwu panafika 57 chikwi. Akaidi German, kenako kuthirira makina zikusuntha, dziko yophiphiritsira laundered ndi "mukhale chopondapo lopondereza." Tikumbukenso kuti pa May 24, pamene perete pa Red Square, pa msewu wake akhala 16 chikwi. Asilikali-opambana. zochitika ziwirizi anali mapeto woyenera nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Chiwerengero cha akaidi German nkhondo mu USSR

Pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo ya NKVD analengedwa Boma wapadera (GUPVI), woyang'anira zokhudza akaidi a nkhondo, ndipo kenako kuwamanga anthu, zimene zinaphatikizapo oimira anthu wamba a Germany ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, zifukwa zina pansi kuletsa ufulu. Ndi pamaziko a mbiri ya Office kuti pambuyo pake anakhazikitsa chiwerengero cha akaidi German nkhondo ku Soviet Union.

Kuyenera yomweyo Mukalongosola kuti mwambo kuyamba, mawu akuti "akaidi German nkhondo" ambiri amadziwira ngati yonse wamndende wa nkhondo, amene anamenyera kumbali ya ulamuliro wa Hitler, kaya mtundu wawo. Mu zenizeni, amenewa anaphatikizapo oimira 36 kwambiri m'mayiko kwa zifukwa zina amapezeka mu chiwerengero cha adani a Mgwirizano odana lopondereza.

Deta kuperekedwa malipoti GUPVI ndipo mu 1959 analengeza Utumiki wa Mkati la lipoti la USSR (anatchula za iwo pachiyambi cha nkhani), makamaka kusiyana ndi zotsatira za zofufuza za mbiri yakale yachilendo. Makamaka, ofufuza German anati kuti chiwerengero chenicheni cha asilikali mmwamba mu ukapolo Soviet, anthu oposa 3 miliyoni, amene osachepera 1 miliyoni anafa, popanda kudikira kuti abwerere kwawo.

zikusiyana Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ziwerengero. chakuti m'misasa akaidi a nkhondo ndi mfundo usilikali chifukwa cha anthu anaukitsidwa osauka, ndi kuyenda mobwerezabwereza kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana kulowa ntchito yovuta. Amadziwika kuti pa chiyambi cha nkhondo chiwerengero cha akaidi ndinali wamng'ono ndi mu 1942 anafika pafupi 9 zikwi. Man. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chiwerengero chachikulu cha ku Germany ─ 100 zikwi. Asilikali, apolisi ndi asilikali ─ unatengedwa mkaidi pambuyo kugonjetsedwa awo mu Nkhondo ya Stalingrad.

Kodi kusunga akaidi German nkhondo ku Soviet Union?

funso limeneli lidzayankhidwa ndi mwambi odziwika: "Monga wafesa, kotero inu kukolola." Popeza nkhanza kuti ntchito obwerawo lopondereza m'magawo mukukhala anachititsa kuti chidani chonse, alibe ceremonious nawo. Akaidi ambiri anafa, sanathe kulimbana akulowera yaitali malo m'ndende, imene pambalambanda ndi njala anthu anali kuyenda kuthana ndi makumi angapo makilomita tsiku. The amafa pakati pawo kunali mkulu ndi, monga ulamuliro, si zimaonekera ziganizo.

Permanent kuchepa kwa madokotala oyenerera anakhala chifukwa mlingo mkulu imfa chifukwa matenda ndi kuvulala, ndi kusowa mwadongosolo chakudya chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi aakulu ndiponso kutopa akaidi. Koma ngakhale pa nthawi imene zinthu zaperekedwa pa nthawi, anapereka mfundo zakudya laling'ono kwambiri moti hakhatawiriswa Kukuthandiza Anthu Odwala, kugumula wowawa ntchito yamasewera. Ngati inu kuwonjezera ozizira, zauve ndi wopanikiza, zomwe zili andende, ndiye zimaonekeratu chifukwa nthawi zina imfa mwa iwo anafika pa 70%.

Kuwonjezera asilikali ndi alonda amene anamenya pa mbali German, mu ukapolo Soviet komanso anali oimira yambiri ya asilikali a ulamuliro wa Hitler. Makamaka pambuyo akamaliza Nkhondo ya Stalingrad anakakamizika ndikupereka 32 wa German General, lotsogoledwa ndi General-Field polimbana Paulo (chithunzi lake limaoneka m'nkhani). Okwana m'zaka nkhondo mu ukapolo anali 376 lopondereza ankhondo, amene 277 abwerera kwawo, 99 anamwalira akuyembekezera repatriation, ndi 18 anapachikidwa pa milandu nkhondo.

kupondereza Convention

Chikalata liwulo mfundo lonse wa mankhwala a akaidi a nkhondo, anali Convention Geneva cha 1929, yolembedwa ndi linalowa nawo m'Pangano ndi mayiko 53 a ku Ulaya, Asia ndi America, koma anakanidwa ndi boma Stalin. Soviet Union anakana kulowa chiwerengero chawo, kuposa likupita mavuto zosaneneka mamiliyoni nzika amene agwa mu zaka za Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World mu ukapolo German. Iwo si ataphimbidwa ndi m'Pangano mankhwala a akaidi a nkhondo, ndi okhazikika malinga ndi zofunikira za madalitso ake malamulo.

Zikufanana anali Germany, unachitikira ku dera la USSR m'misasa zambiri ndiponso malo ena a m'ndende. Boma la Soviet sankaona omangika kusunga mu kulemekeza aliyense wa anapereka mfundo ndi anthu padziko lonse. Komabe, anthu ambiri amavomereza, osati kuno kokha, koma kunja, kuti zinthu akaidi German nkhondo ku Soviet Union anali akadali uweme kuposa zimene zinalengedwa Germany ndi ku madera wotanganidwa kwa mwathu muno.

Kugwiritsa ntchito akaidi German

Soviet Union wakhala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ntchito akaidi, kaya ndi katundu wene, adatsutsika kwa milandu, kapena ndiwo amene akuvutika pa zifukwa zandale. Mwambo yofanana ntchito ndi akaidi a nkhondo. Ngati nkhondo zawo zothandiza chuma ndinali wamng'ono, izo ziyenera kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri mu nthawi wotsatira.

akaidi German nkhondo ku Soviet Union ambiri ndi wotchipa ntchito mphamvu, ndi thandizo limene ayambe chuma cha dziko anawononga nkhondo. asilikali dzulo ndi akapitawo a ulamuliro wa Hitler ntchito pa ntchito yomanga mafakitale, njanji, madoko, madamu, ndi zina zotero. D. manja awo anamanganso nyumba m'mizinda kudutsa dziko, ndipo iwo ntchito m'misasa matabwa, komanso chitukuko cha chuma mchere, monga ureniamu chitsulo miyala ndiponso malasha. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chifukwa ambiri mwa akaidiwo anali kucheza zaka zambiri m'madera akumidzi kunali, Soviet Union.

Mu nthawi nkhondoyo, dziko lonse unagawidwa mu madera 15 zachuma, umene 12 ntchito yakalavula wa asilikali wakale German ndi akapitawo a. Camp akaidi German mu USSR pa zinthu m'ndende akaidi si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera amene munali anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a Stalinist kupondereza. Zinali zovuta makamaka panthawi ya nkhondo.

The lonse ntchito anachita ndi akaidi German nkhondo mu USSR kuchokera 1943 mpaka 1950, malinga ndi lipoti la ku Central Dipatimenti Financial kwa Utumiki wa Mkati. Malinga ndi zipangizo zikupezeka iwo, chifukwa nthawi pa malo pomanga chuma cha dziko anali ntchito oposa 1 biliyoni (kukhala enieni - 1077564200) munthu masiku. Pankhaniyi, kuchuluka kwa ntchito anachita, pansi pa mitengo analandira zaka analipo pafupifupi 50 biliyoni rubles.

Propaganda ntchito mwa akaidi

Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, ndi NKVD anali ukundipweteka ntchito kuti amalola a nkhondo mabungwe odana lopondereza. Zotsatira zake zinali mapangidwe mu 1943, "Free Germany" Committee National, oyamba ndipo analibe chikoka pakati pa akaidi chifukwa inkakhala oimira waudindo wapamwamba kwambiri ndipo chiwerengero m'munsi a asilikali.

Komabe, tanthauzo la ndale za komiti analimbikitsidwa kwambiri pambuyo anasonyeza kuti akufuna kuti agwirizane mkulu General Alexander Von Daniels ndi kuwiri wamkulu - Otto Korfers ndi Martin Lattamnn. Kusuntha kwawo chifukwa pa nthawi Zionetsero ndi mkwiyo wa anzake ambiri akale, komanso akapolo. A gulu lalikulu la asilikali German kutsogoleredwa ndi Paulo anafotokoza mfundo Yolemba imene anadzudzula manyazi ndipo analengeza oukira zinthu za Germany.

Koma posachedwapa zokhudza kusintha kwa akazembe kumbali a magulu odana ndi lopondereza zasintha mbali yofunika kwambiri imeneyi ankaimba yokha Paulo. Pa dongosolo lenileni la Stalin, iye anasamutsidwa ku msasa wa akaidi a nkhondo mmodzi wa zinthu zapadera ─ NKVD dacha kunja Moscow Dubrovo.

Kumeneko, Chifukwa cha mankhwala maganizo, General-Field polimbana ukasintha anasintha malo chake choyambacho ndipo posakhalitsa poyera analengeza kujowina odana ndi lopondereza mgwirizano. Amaona kuti kukhazikitsidwa nkhaniyi anathandiza kwambiri kuti kusintha mu njira ya ntchito ya usilikali, ndiponso "akazembe chiwembu", mu 1944 pafupifupi ndalama miyoyo Mtsogoleri.

Yambani wa ndondomeko repatriation

The repatriation akaidi German a nkhondo (kubwerera kwawo) zinachitikadi mu magawo angapo. The woyamba unayambitsidwa pambuyo August 1945 inaika lamulo la USSR State Committee silikhali, malinga ndi zimene woyenera kubwerera ku Germany analandira 708 zikwi. Anthu olumala ndi asilikali olumala a mitundu yonse pakati privates ndi alonda sanali analamula.

Patatha mwezi umodzi, kukhala yeniyeni, pa September 11 chaka chomwecho, chikalata latsopano limene kwambiri kukuza osiyanasiyana anthu amene anabwerera kwawo. Kuwonjezera pa magulu kale uja, amaphatikiza asilikali ndi tithe m'munsi a mitundu yonse, kupatula Germany, kaya mkhalidwe wawo wakuthupi ndi kuchita. Anawatumiza kunyumba January 1946. Kuchotserapo anali okhawo amene anali kunenedwa kuchita milandu yoopsa nkhondo. Iwo anali makamaka kudziŵika kuti repatriation kosamugonjera munthu amene ankatumikira mu Waffen-SS, SA, Sd ndi alonda Gestapo.

Choncho, kumayambiriro kwa zaka nkhondoyo, zambiri akaidi a nkhondo, amene anapitiriza chitoliro kubwezeretsa anawononga chuma cha dziko, anali makamaka chifukwa dziko la Germany. Malinga ndi lipoti la Unduna wa za M'dziko wa USSR mu October 1946, m'misasa ndi battalions ntchito spetsgospitalyah anali pafupi wina ndi anthu miliyoni theka, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a asilikali 352, ndi akapitao 74.5 zikwi.. Choncho ignominiously Tinamaliza achifasizimu Drang nach wake wotchuka Osten ( «Drang nach Osten").

Long njira kunyumba

M'tsogolo, chiwerengero cha akaidi German nkhondo ku Soviet Union anakana, koma pang'onopang'ono. Mu May 1947, pa maziko a chigamulo cha Bungwe la nduna USSR, Germany anatumiza 100 zikwi. Akaidi Unemployable pakati pa Germany, sanatumikirepo mu SS, Sd, SA ndi Gestapo, ndipo sanatenge gawo mu milandu nkhondo. Phunziro kwa repatriate asilikali ndi alonda amene analibe udindo pamwamba mkulu.

Mu June chaka chomwecho, utsogoleri wa NKVD kanthu zinachitikadi, wosenza kutchulidwa N'NJONGOKOPA chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi langizo la, yolembedwa ndi Stalin panokha, kunyumba akaidi zikwizikwi German a maudindo onse iye watumidwa, kuti momasuka awo maganizo odana lopondereza ndipo ali pakati opanga kutsogolera. Za kutumiza bwino akaidi onse otsala, ndi ripoti limatsindika makamaka pa kufuna osamuka ntchito.

lamulo la boma pa nkhani ya repatriation

Pakutha 1947 chiwerengero cha akaidi kuti abwelele kunyumba, chawonjezeka, koma pa nthawi yomweyo bwino limasonyeza Union mfundo za boma pa repatriation. Choyamba, ndondomeko uyu anapita pang'onopang'ono, ndi kulandira kokha ndi kagulu kochepa siyana ena a anthu. Komanso kunyumba makamaka anatumiza uthenga kwa anthu amene ali ndi maganizo a boma la Soviet, anali wamng'ono athe kulimbikitsa pofuna kukwaniritsa zinthu ndale zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili Germany ndi ku maiko nkhondo pa pambali yake.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, choyamba anatumiza odwala omwe chifukwa zoonekeratu, ku ukapolo, adzakhala chinkhoswe mu kubwezeretsa thanzi, osati ndale. Pangakhale mosakayikira chakuti asilikali wamba, NCOs ndi akapitawo, ngakhale kuyesa kutenga nawo mbali mu moyo ndale za dziko, anapanga kuli patsogolo kuposa ankhondo amene anabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo. Makamaka kuchuluka otaya anthu ochokera pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbali ya kummawa kwa boma Germany wa ovomereza-Soviet.

Kenako ufulu onse a asilikali analandira kale, apolisi junior mpaka ndipo kuphatikizapo, anali bwino thupi ndi oyenera ntchito monga ntchito. Komanso, ukapolo anakokera pa akuluakulu okalamba, akazembe ndi admirals Ofisala SS, Sd, ndi Gestapo, komanso akaidi onse a nkhondo ndi ziwawa.

Kumalizidwa kwa repatriation akaidi a nkhondo

Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1949 mu ukapolo Soviet amaonabe zoposa 430 zikwi. Asilikali German, mosiyana ndi kudzipereka zimapangidwa ndi nthumwi za USSR mu 1947 pa msonkhano wa Affairs okhonda atumiki Mgwirizano odana ndi Hitler. Malinga ndi chikalata anasaina iwo, repatriation akaidi a nkhondo anali kutha ndi December 1948.

Monga kuphwanya bwino pangano analandira anakwiya atsogoleri a limati Western kukhonda Stalin kuti imathandizira kutumiza akaidi. Iwo potsiriza pang'onopang'ono anabwerera ku Germany osati mwa oimira alonda udindo wapamwamba, komanso a asilikali ndi admirals. Kuchotserapo anali 99 okha ndi amene anafa ndi matenda ndipo 18 anapachikidwa pa milandu nkhondo.

Ambiri, repatriation inamalizidwa mu May 1950. Pa TASS boma ndinaimva pa May 5 ananena kuti Germany ankhondo onse amene anamenya kumbali ya ulamuliro wa Hitler anatumizidwa, kupatulapo akaidi 9716, akuwakayikira 3816, ndipo 15 odwala mwakayakaya.