Pamene Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani? Kodi chaka Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia kachiwiri?

Golden-ozungulira Moscow, likulu la Chitaganya cha Russia - imodzi yaikulu komanso wokongola kwambiri m'mizinda ya dziko lathu. Ngakhale mzinda imatengedwa kuti ndi achinyamata, ali ndi mbiri wolemera.

Amene anamanga Moscow

Moscow imatengedwa woyambitsa Yuri Dolgoruky, mwana chimodzi cha Vladimir Monomakh ndi mwana wamkazi wa English mfumu Harold. Icho chinali Grand Duke anamanga makoma matabwa a boma la Russia. Ndipotu, Dolgoruky osati zambiri ankabwera anamanga mzinda, m'mbiri ya ena amatchula osowa atapita. Anthu a Kiev sanali kalonga ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake mu Suzdal Zalesie anafunkha katundu wake ndi kukhala mkwapulo chenicheni cha anthu am'deralo, amene nawonso, kulemekeza Grand Duke. Malinga ndi Chronicle, Yuri anali wamtali, onenepa, woyera nkhope maso ake anali wamng'ono ndi mphuno chachikulu "yaitali ndi pokrivlenny" anakula ndevu. Mu mbiri ya Prince anasonyeza kuti anali wokonda lalikulu la akazi, wokondedwa zakudya zabwino, kumwa ndi zonse kuganizira kusangalala ndi maphwando kuposa za kupulula ndi nkhondo. Chifukwa yotsirizira iye akanakhoza kupatsa ambuye wake, pafupifupi wake ndi proxies. Tikudziwanso kuti Yuri anakwatiwa kangapo: choyamba, mwana wamkazi wa Polovtsian Khan kenako mwana wamkazi wa mfumu Byzantine.

Chifukwa kuwuka kwa Moscow ku Russia wakale. Geography. Kuyesa kusunga ndi Europe

Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa zifukwa centralization m'dziko Russian ndi kukwezedwa kwa Moscow. Klyuchevskii ankakhulupirira kuti udindo wa Moscow ukulu kuchuluka chifukwa yabwino malo m'mayiko ambiri. Pamene Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, ubwino wa izo anagona mu mtunda kuchokera Golden gulu, ndi Moscow Mtsinje anali kugwirizana ndi ankadutsa chachikulu cha nthawi. Likulu latsopano ali ndi malo abwino amene anali pamalo abwino kuposa Tver, Uglich kapena Nizhny Novgorod. Izo anasonkhanitsa luso nkhondowo ndi miyambo ya Lazaro chikhalidwe, kuphatikiza iwo ndi anthu European. Tikaganiza za chifukwa Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, osati osachepera pa nkhani imeneyi zimatengera kukopa kwa Europe. Ngakhale kusiyana umoyo ndi zachuma m'dziko lathu ndi kunja panali njira zofanana: mizinda osauka ndipo analimbitsa mphamvu ya chuma lachitatu. Europe ndi Russia ankaimba vzaimoaktivnuyu ntchito pa moyo ndale za mzake. N'zovuta kunena chimodzimodzi zomwe chaka, Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, koma izo zinachitika m'zaka XIV. Mayendedwe a likulu Moscow chinakhalapo mpaka ulamuliro wa Peter I.

moto Large m'mbiri ya Moscow

Zambiri zachitika kuchokera pamenepo, pamene Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia. City mobwerezabwereza aphimbidwa ndi moto choopsa. Information za waukulu wa anapulumuka pambuyo zaka mazana ambiri. Mu 1365, akali ndi masika panali chilala. Anakhala osaya mtsinje, kusiya pang'ono ting'onoting'ono mpweya. Chonchi nthawi youma panali moto mosavuta. Choncho ndi mmodzi nyali anathyola mpingo matabwa. Amphamvu kunawomba mphepo moto kuti ndiyenera makoma matabwa a boma la Russia, motero Muscovites ataya malo awo abwino otetezeka ku anawazunza zowononga. Osati nthawi zonse moto zinachitika pa behest zachilengedwe. Pamene Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, iwo chidwi cha adani. Choncho mzindawo anatentha Chilituyaniya Duke Algirdas, Tokhtamysh Khan, Prince Gleb wa Ryazan ndi ena ambiri, anali anachita kuwotcha dala asilikali makamaka zimawononga mphamvu pa likulu. Ponena za moto waukulu, sitingathe amanyalanyaza moto pakati pa Nkhondo ya 1812, pamene Napoleon ndi asilikali ake msasa ku mzinda. Flames chinawononga mzinda wonsewo. Ogwiritsa ntchito udindo Yatsani Moscow mzinda ulibe kwa mdani.

Moscow anali chosamanga

Ngati mumayesa kulingalira nthawi yaitali bwanji boma la Russia zasintha maonekedwe ake, moti kukumbukira zimene atumwi Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia. Poyamba mzinda mtengo, ndipo anatero mpaka ulamuliro wa wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy, amene anatenga chisankho m'malo thundu mpanda wa woyera mwala Kremlin, yomweyi woyera nsanja mwala zinamangidwa. Chifukwa moyo woterewu anaikirapo moto, nthawi zambiri yokutidwa mzinda, koma anawonjezera kuti mpanda wa mphamvu boma la Russia, chifukwa mwala woyera lawola m'malo mofulumira, ndipo posakhalitsa pomanga "chinayandama". Mu 1485, pamodzi ndi mapulani Italy anakwanitsa kumanga boma la Russia a zipolopolo njerwa, kukhazikitsanso ngati watenga zaka zambiri. Inali nthawi imeneyi, boma la Russia kuchuluka malo ake natenga maphunziro a makona osasamba. Nyumba mkati komanso akukonza kusintha. Chinachake ankamangidwanso ndi kumangidwanso kwa zinthu zina, chinthu mwankhanza anagwetsa, chinachake chopangidwa ndi kusindikizidwa ngati chizindikiro cha nthawi imeneyo. Mu ulamuliro wa Petra Velikogo Moscow Kremlin anataya kufunika kwake kale, choncho nthawi yaitali sanali bwanji kusintha.

Moscow kuyambira Soviet Union

Pamene Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia kachiwiri unapita kale mu 1918. Boma anasamukira ku mzinda pa Great Russian utasintha chifukwa cha kuopseza vuto German pa Petersburg. Anakonza kusuntha likulu okha nthawi kuti Petrograd chiwerengero cha anthu ali utachepa. Ena anali motsutsa izo, kuganizira zinthu ngati zimenezi chothaŵa ndi mantha, osati kusamala ndi moyang'ana m'tsogolo. Kupita likulu limodzi ndi kugawanika mkati chipani atsogoleri Bolshevik samagwirizana, koma kukambirana mwaukali, lomwe ndi achabechabe ndipo analephera, anamaliza mwa kuchenjera ndi akhama Lenin. Pamene Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, boma wayamba kale kusuntha, koma anthu ambiri sakusangalala ndi zochita Chotero, kuteteza riflemen Chilativiya anatumizidwa. Pansi Malaya Vishera sitima imene Lenin anali atakumana ndi echelon wa deserters nkhondo, chiwerengero cha iwowa kuposa chiwerengero cha oponya mivi. Koma Latvians anakwanitsa kungafooketse mdani ndi chipika sitima. Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, mfundo chinabzalidwa zolinga mwachinsinsi kuti boma zikulimbikitseni Moscow, ndi Nizhny Novgorod.

amakono Moscow

Pakali pano, Moscow - likulu la Chitaganya cha Russia. Mu mzinda uwu ndi malo kuikapo maganizo a mitundu andale ndi azachuma. Kuyambira pamenepo, pamene Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia kachiwiri, ntchito chake kunakulanso. City angatchedwe m'maganizo ndi mumtima mwa dziko lathu. Modern Moscow - ndi mzinda wa khumi agglomerations zikuluzikulu, likulu la umodzi wa mizinda khumi waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. chuma Moscow a kumagwirizana ndi chuma cha padziko lonse, likulu kuyenderana ndi m'mayiko olemera, mu mzinda uno, kutenga malo a akazembe zakunja m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, pali anaikira ambiri a mabanki onse Russian. Ngati inu mukumbukira, limene Mfumu Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, limodzi mukhoza kulingalira momwe wapatali chikhalidwe ndiponso mbiri yake, ena nyumba angapezeke, ikupempha mzinda alendo padziko lonse. Moscow ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu za dziko lathu, ndi kulemekezedwa ndi States ena.

Moscow Orthodox

Likulu ano ankaona malo achipembedzo kuchokera kalelo. Metropolitan Peter inasamuka ku Vladimir kwa Moscow, umene unakhala malo a Orthodox. Ngati inu mukumbukira, Chaka chilichonse, Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, n'zotheka kumvetsa zimene udindo chikhulupiriro chimatithandiza bwanji m'masiku amenewo. udindo amenewa anali ofunika kwa likulu izo anakweza kutchuka kwake pamaso pa anthu. Munthu wakupemphani Moscow wa Rome Chachitatu. Mu mzinda uwu mungapeze mipingo yambiri aang'ono. ikuimira likulu Russia ndi St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo (mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri kudziwika monga Utatu), yomwe ili pa Red Square mu mzindawo. Ndi kuyanjana kwa mipingo naini kamodzi maholide odzipereka, amene lifanane ndi masiku a nkhondo chifukwa Kazan. Alendo ochokera m'mayiko ambiri kuyang'ana pa chinthu ku mndandanda wa UNESCO World Heritage Sites mu Russia, anamanga mu nthawi Ivana Groznogo. Kubwezeretsa Osangopereka kusintha nkhope ya tchalitchi, chifukwa iye anali munthu wa moto mu Moscow matabwa, koma sanataye kufunika ndi udindo.

Moscow tsogolo

City sali mu malo ndipo akupitiriza kusintha. Pa nthawi, pali ntchito yambiri kuti ziyembekezo kudziwika. Ngati mukuganiza mu chaka chimene, Moscow n'kukhala likulu la Russia, pozungulira. likulu kumangidwa ndi latsopano nyumba, amakono, koma amasungidwa ndi maonekedwe mbiri ya mzinda. pa ntchito yomanga Nyumba amakonzedwa mwathu muno osati kokha, komanso Irish, British ndi asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda, mwachitsanzo kukula kwa mzinda akugwira nawo ndi azungu. mapulani osati pokuza m'dera tsopano anasankha ntchito zisanu zikuluzikulu zokhudza makamaka malo dera patsogolo mwayi yopuma. Kusintha zidzakhudza Moscow Mtsinje. mapulani amakhudza dera la embankments pansi zosangalatsa maofesi, malo pali malo osiyana ndi magalimoto zochepa, kulenga malo yaikulu - "zilumba zachilengedwe", chomwe chinawathandiza kuti zotsukira madzi. Komanso, amisiri akamufunsirire akabweretsa tchuthi wodzipereka kwa mtsinje. Izi ndi monga imodzi mwa ntchito, koma ndi chidwi lonse pakati ndi kutipanga ife timakhulupirira mu chakuti zaka makumi atatu kenaka Moscow idzasintha maonekedwe ake komanso kukhala mzinda wa m'tsogolo.