"Washington gwirizanani"

"Washington gwirizanani" - mndandanda wa malamulo a zachuma zazikulu za citukuko ndondomeko ananyamuka ndi English zachuma John Williamson mu 1989. Iwo ankafuna monga malangizo mfundo kumayiko thandizo ku mabungwe mayiko a zachuma monga World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund. Kutsindika chachikulu chinali kufunika kwa bata zazikulu za citukuko ndi kusakanikirana mu zachuma, mwa kulankhula kwina, maganizo neoliberal ya kudalirana. Komabe, zachititsa kuti zotsatira zochepa, chifukwa ntchito m'mayiko akukumana mavuto a zachuma.

Kwa zaka zambiri anthu "Washington gwirizanani" wakhala mlandu angapo destabilization kwambiri, makamaka mavuto Argentine. Dzhon Uilyamson ananena kuti nthawi zambiri zotsatira za kukhazikitsa akhala zokhumudwitsa, kupeza ena deficiencies, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anaganiza kuti mfundo uku kwabweletsa zotsatira zabwino - ndicho, kukula chuma, ntchito yakalavulagaga, kuchepetsa umphawi m'mayiko ambiri.

Maganizo nthawi pamene iwo anali kukonza ndi Williamson, sizinali zachilendo. Koma iwo ankaimira quintessence wa mitu wamba mwa malangizo, amene anatsimikiza mtima wa Monetary Fund International, World Bank, ku US Department Zachuma ndi mabungwe ena kukongoza.

Cholinga cha muyezo phukusi la kusintha chinali kuthetsa mavuto enieni alipo mu Latin America. ntchito zake wotsatira mu ubale ndi mayiko ena akhala kudzudzulidwa ngakhale mbali ya malamulo. Monga tanenera ndi Williamson yekha, mawu anayamba ndi iye ayamikira khumi zenizeni pa mfundo zachuma zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira timapangira kuposa cholinga chake choyambirira, iye anayamba kugwirizana ndi Wachiwiri-owolowa manja msika maziko ndi ndale ambiri. Ndipo m'lingaliro wodziika za "Washington gwirizanani" atadzudzulidwa ndi chuma ambiri, kuphatikizapo ya George Soresu, Nobel Dzhozefa Stiglitsa, komanso Latin American andale.

Anthu padziko lonse tsopano amakhulupirira kuti zimasonyeza ndi ndondomeko Wachiwiri-owolowa manja kuti mayiko mabungwe ndalama Washington analenga zingapo zoyezera yeniyeni ndi nkhani ya mayiko Latin American mukuvutika mavuto azachuma, zimene zinachititsa kuti zomvetsa kwambiri. Pali ngakhale anthu amene sangathe kutchula mawu akuti "Washington gwirizanani" ndipo salowa mwaukali.

Khumi kusintha, akupanga mndandanda wa Williamson, makamaka ankaimira mlingo zofunika.

1. zachuma chilango. Imeneyi ikuchitika m'mayiko onse kumene kunali kuchepekedwa zikuluzikulu, zimene zinachititsa kuti vuto mu muyezo wa ndalama ndi kufufuma Kumwambamwamba, amene wakumenya pa makalasi osauka, chifukwa anthu olemera angasunge chuma chawo ndalama kunja.

2. kusokonekera kwa ndalama anthu m'madera kuti kupereka akadzabweranso mkulu zachuma ndi lingathe kusintha yogawa ndalama (chisamaliro mankhwala, maphunziro zapulaimale ndiponso zomangamanga).

3. Tax kusintha (mlingo kuchepetsa kuchepetsa m'munsi msonkho kuwonjezeka).

4. liberalization wa chiwongola dzanja.

5. A mpikisano kusinthitsa ndalama.

6. The liberalization wa ndalama zakunja mwachindunji.

7. wamba.

8. Trade liberalization.

9. deregulation.

10. Kuonetsetsa katundu ufulu.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa maboma ambiri "Washington gwirizanani" anali kwakukulukulu zimachitika ku mavuto azachuma padziko lonse amene kugunda kwambiri kwa Latin America ndi m'madera ena osauka pa 1980s lapansi. Zikamera zamavuto anali zimayambitsa zingapo: nyamuka lakuthwa mu mitengo mafuta kunja atalenga mu 1960 wa OPEC, anapereka mlingo wa ngongole kunja, kukula US ndipo, chotero, mu dziko la chiwongola dzanja. Chifukwa cha mavuto amenewa - imfa kupeza ngongole zina yachilendo.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mayiko ena atanganidwa ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana za phukusi akufuna, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati yotiyenereza ife kulandira ngongole ku IMF ndi World Bank.

Komabe, zotsatira za kusintha awa akhala mutu wa kutsutsana kwambiri, monga chuma ndi andale kupitiriza yosanthula zimayambitsa ndi zinthu za mavuto azachuma, kuyambira nthawi pamene panali dziko loyamba mavuto azachuma mu 1857, zomwe kwakhudza ngakhale pa Russia. chakuti Karl Marx anayamba ntchito "Capital" mu chaka yozizira 1857-1858, ndipo chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma chimene chinayamba mu chaka cha 1857 Lero, monga ife tikudziwira, ndi chiphunzitso cha mavuto kugwirizana ndi zachuma Marxist.