Mbiri ya mzinda wa Ivanovo: chaka cha maziko, zokopa makampani

Tsogolo Ivanovo anaonekera monga tauni wamba waung'ono pafupi ndi agulupa Orthodox m'zaka XVII. Pang'onopang'ono, mudzi wakula chifukwa cha chitukuko cha makampani nsalu a m'deralo. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XIX, ndi mafakitale pakati yaikulu ndi yofunika likulu chuma dziko.

Kutchula koyamba

Ivanovo-limafotokoza za mzinda inayamba mu 1609, pamene kuthetsa anali woyamba kutchulidwa mbiri olembedwa mu Utatu-Sergio Lavra. Malinga n'kunena kwa buku lino, tauni yaing'ono anayambitsa alimi amathawathawa amene anasiya patrimonial kunyumba anakhala. Pofuna kusokoneza ndi midzi ina Ivanovo ndi mayina ofanana, izo limatchedwa Ivanovo-Kohomskim (chotsatira chinali Kohma nsanja).

Kutchula koyamba kwa mudzi olumikiza Nthawi ya Mavuto pamene Russia zowawa za nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi Polish alowererepo. m'derali afika ngakhale kwa Ivanovo. Russia anali agwidwa mu chikhalidwe chowopsya, panalibe asilikali amphamvu, womwe akumenyetsa ndi kuchotsa adani. Mu 1608-1609 gg. mudzi ntchito ngati mfundo lina khamu la Poland, Lithuanians ndi mbali Cossacks wa Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II. Kale mu XX atumwi, apeza yunifolomu mzinda wa nthawi, anapanga pa chitsanzo West European. Mu 1609-mamita (chaka m'munsi Ivanovo) mudzi anali kakang'ono, ndipo kuti nthawi zina anakhalabe inconspicuous. Koma kukula zina zachuma wakonza malo ofunika kupanga nsalu.

Boyar patrimony

Ngakhale isanayambe mavuto malo padziko Kokhma a otchuka Prince Skopin-Shumsky. M'zaka za m'ma XVI Pokrovsky obisika anakhazikitsidwa pano. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti wotchuka mtsogoleri wa asilikali Mikhail Skopin-Shumsky anakhala ubwana wake m'dera lino. Mbiri ya mzinda wa Ivanovo - Chitsanzo cha mudzi wa anthu osauka pa periphery ya boma Russian. am'deralo The ankachita opanga ndi ankaudaya nsalu ku nyumba ntchito kuti webs. Kulima apa anali bwino anayamba chifukwa nthaka nizkoplodorodnyh.

Pansi Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich anali kalembera, nkhani yomwe lili magwero. Ndiyamika zikalata izi lero ndi kunamizira mbiri ya mzinda wa Ivanovo. Mu zoyambirira za m'ma XVII, panali mayadi oposa mazana, ndiye ambiri ndithu kuti ngati malo akutali.

malo okhala a Old Okhulupirira

The waterway chachikulu ndi yodutsira mtsinje Ivanovo Uvod. Ndiyamika ake, anthu a m'mudzimo amene angathe kukhazikitsa amphamvu zikulumikizana zachuma ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Monga tanena nthaka mderali sikuloledwa kukula tirigu, koma anali malo aakulu kusonkhanitsa ndizochuluka la nyumba.

Mu 1638, pambuyo mpikisano Skopin-Shuisky anafa pansi, m'mudzi ankadutsa akalonga Cherkassky. Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 30 za anthu Ivanovo anali kale anthu 800, osati kuphatikizapo utsogoleli ndi atsogoleri. Anapitiliza kuonekela akachisi latsopano. Kuti chiwerengero chawo chinali chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuchuluka ndi patsogolo a m'mudzi uliwonse Russian pa nthawi. Pamene dziko panali magawano, kugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mabishopu, Nikon, malo anasefukira ndi okhulupirira Old. The mbiri mzinda Ivanovo wakhala akugwira ndi gulu popovtsev. Anthu amenewa anathawira kunja kwa mzinda wa dziko kutali ndi boma, anazunzidwa ampatuko.

Likulu la makampani nsalu

chitukuko zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa kuluka mu ambuye m'mudzi wa nsalu nsalu zokha ayi kusindikizidwa. Ndi njira iyi, ntchito kwa dongosolo m'tsogolo zovala ndi mtundu fanizo. Ivanovo ngati likulu nsalu ya Russia zinachitika m'zaka XVII. katundu Local amagulitsidwa ku fairs m'madera osiyanasiyana pa dziko. nsalu zimenezi zimagwira ntchito kufunika kwakukulu pakati pa anthu ambiri.

Amayamba ndi atakhazikika mu Ivanovo, kupanga izo waphindu ndi. m'misili malonda ndi Astrakhan ndi kudzera ku mayiko a kummawa - .. Perisiya, Caucasus, etc. ubwenzi izi chuma mukopedwe luso lokha n'kudzandigunda. mankhwala Ivanovo anayamba kunyamula amaonekera chikhalidwe kum'mawa.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII, Tsar Peter Ine kanayamba ziŵalo makampani nsalu. Pamene munalandira m'mudzi wa Ivanovo miyambo mwini nyumba. antchito ake anasonkhana misonkho malonda, yemwe ankapita ku cuma. Komabe, pali kukumana pamodzi ndi funde latsopano la ogwira ntchito, anayamba kuoneka malo atsopano onse, monga pubs. Ngati zonse midzi ina Russian nthawi, m'mudzi anadwala moto pafupipafupi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1723 moto mayadi zoposa 200, kusiya anthu ambiri opanda nyumba ndi nyumba.

mafakitale zisinthe

Oddly zokwanira, kufunika chuma Ivanovo chawonjezeka chifukwa Nkhondo ya 1812. Pamene asilikali Napoleon litalanda Moscow ndi kukhala yaikulu moto natenthedwa pamoto, kuphatikizapo Moscow ndi kuluka ntchito. Pambuyo pake, Ivanovo industrialists kwa nthawi yaitali sanali kukumana mpikisano mu misika zoweta ndi achilendo. Mosakayikira anatenga niches zachuma, amene palibe amene anapereka.

Ngati mu 1810 malonda nsalu Ivanovo anabweretsa miliyoni 1 rubles, kapena zaka 7 Patapita chithunzi ichi chawonjezeka ndi nthawi 7. Panali m'dera fabrikantskie mafumu - .. Kuvaeva, Polushina, Garelina etc. Iwo aganyali osati kupanga yake, komanso zomangamanga m'tauni. mafakitale Local anayamba kubwera osati kuchokera m'mizinda yoyandikana ndi Moscow, komanso ochokera kumayiko ena.

Ngakhale belatedly, koma Ivanovo m'zaka za m'ma XIX anayamba ake mafakitale. eni Business ikuyenda kuchokera ntchito yamanja ku mafakitare nakatsegula kupanga galimoto. mabizinezi yatsopano zimathandiza kuwonjezera liwiro kupanga ndi phindu pa malonda. Ife anayamba kuoneka mafakitale watsopano amene sanali mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi nsalu, koma ali ndi udindo Kuthandiza. Zinali mankhwala, zokhomakhoma, makina ndi thonje mphero. Ngakhale pamaso chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom Ivanovo alimi ambiri chifukwa cha chuma chake nsalu owomboledwa pa chifuniro mpaka kalekale amalonda. Ntchito mu nyumba yatsopanoyi inali anakonza osauka ndi osauka midzi yoyandikana nayo. anthu awa anakakhala posadas, amene chiwerengero zikuchulukirachulukira bwinobwino.

Mayendedwe a mumzindawo

Mu 1872, Tsar Alexander II zinasaina lamulo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda wa Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Ndi kuchita izi, izo formalizes ndi fait accompli. mudzi wakula kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo umatha ndalama kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kwa yaing'ono inconspicuous tauni m'chigawo Vladimir. Kulimbana kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda ikuchitika ndi makonsolo zaka zambirimbiri.

Back mu 1853 midzi angapo amene anaonekera padziko m'mudzi, iwo anali ogwirizana Voznesensky Posad. anthu ake anali 3.5 zikwi amisiri ndi antchito. Okhala m'mudzi anali kawiri monga ambiri, koma anali chuma zambiri m'mbuyo. The tenements anakhala pansi burgher Duma, wapampando wa omwe anakhala opanga otchuka.

Ndi kanthu patokha industrialists linapereka zatsopano chitukuko cha Ivanovo. Russia mu 1860 anakumana kusintha zingapo kwakukulu. chuma anayamba mizere ano capitalist. Pa payekha zothandizira mipingo yawo ndalama Hospital unakhazikitsidwa anchito sukulu luso ana awo, komanso laibulale. Lero nyumba - zipilala wa Ivanovo.

Chifukwa cha American Civil nkhondo mu Russia kuti pafupi kutha kubweretsa kumeneko thonje. Izi penapake yafupika mutu wa chitukuko m'mbuyo Ivanovo. Komabe, nsalu likulu la Russia anayamba kukula chifukwa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndi outflow osauka mu mafakitale ndi. Kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono kukakamiza boma kulabadira mudzi ndi kuupereka udindo mzinda.

zachiwawa proletarian

Mu kudya kukula Ivanovo-Voznesensk anafika antchito onse atsopano. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ndi malo apadera chuma cha mzinda ngakhale unadziwika ngati "Russian Manchester". Komabe, kuwonjezera misa ntchito kutsogozedwa ndi kuwonjezeka mu mavuto chikhalidwe. N'chifukwa chake pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX kusintha m'madera onse Ivanovo logwedezeka ndi kunyanyala, kunyanyala ndi njira zina za matchalitchi proletarian maulamuliro.

mzinda linakhala kukopa anthu a mbali ya maganizo kwakukulu ndale. Mu 1892 anaonekera bwalo loyamba Marxists, ngakhale patapita zaka 6 panali komiti ya Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. Woyamba Russian zisinthe mu 1905 kuti Ivanovo zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha kunyanyala misa. Zinatha masiku 72. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, Zionetsero nawo ogwira 30 zikwi amakhumudwa. zofuna zawo zinali muyezo nthawi imeneyo - kugwirizana pa osachepera malipiro pakhomo kulowa maola asanu ndi atatu ntchito tsiku, etc ...

Opanga anakana asintha kuti ankachita nawo zionetserozo. Ndiye zionetsero unachitikira chisankho chawo ndi osankhidwa 151 nthumwi. Anthu analengedwa Ivanovo-Voznesensky bungwe Mzinda Wonse cha akuluakulu ogwira ntchito. Icho chinali choyamba bungwe lotero m'mbiri dzikolo. Mu ulamuliro wa Soviet, Ivanovo zochitika za 1905 zapatsidwa mwapadera. chikumbutso zovuta "Krasnaya Talka" unakhazikitsidwa mu mzinda. Pamafunikanso zipilala zambiri za Ivanovo, pa zochitika za gulu chosintha. Mu 1905, ntchito chipani anali mnyamata Bolshevik Mikhail Frunze. Kenako, iye adzakhala mmodzi wa atsogoleri otchuka kwambiri asilikali ndi atsogoleri a Soviet Union. ntchito yake anayamba ndendende chosintha mu Ivanovo.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Bolshevik mphamvu

Pambuyo abdication a Nicholas II mu Ivanovo mphamvu wapawiri, umene unali mmene ambiri a dziko. Kumbali ina anali Soviet wa anyabasa 'ziwanga, ndi pa zina - oimira Provisional boma. Choyamba, mzinda anali ndi chikoka chachikulu cha SRs ndi Mensheviks. Pamene dzinja unachitikira kukonzanso chisankho kwa akuru wamba, ambiri a mipando mmenemo kulamulidwa ndi Bolsheviks. Za nkhani ya October kuukira boma mu Petrograd, iwo anali okonzeka komanso yomweyo analenga likulu chosintha. The nkhondo yapachiweniweni pafupifupi osati anakhudzidwa ndi malo amenewa. Mphamvu ya Bolsheviks zapita popanda kukhetsa magazi alionse, ndi woyera ndipo siinafike mzinda.

Mu 1918, chigawo Ivanovo-Voznesenskaya analengedwa. Chinasanduka likulu la makampani nsalu ya Soviet Russia. The Bolsheviks analenga phunziro latsopano la boma, pa maziko a kusadalira chuma ndi kudzipatula madera oyandikana nawo. Udindo watsopano nthawi yomweyo kusinkhasinkha za moyo wa mzinda. Iwo anali kuphunzitsa ndi Polytechnic mabungwe. Anayamba kuoneka latsopano masukulu, zipatala, zinthu zakale ndi malo owerengera mabukhu. Mu 20 ntchentche. anatsegula madzi yake okwanira, ndipo pambuyo pake, mu mawonekedwe a mabasi mabasi ndi magalimoto.

Latsopano nsalu fakitale mumzinda anakopeka ogwira ntchito ku malo oyandikana. Ena mwa iwo anali akazi ambiri, Cholinga seamstresses, etc. Choncho, nthawi Soviet Ivanovo analandira dzina otchuka - .. "Mzinda wa akwatibwi". Makonsolo msanga anachotsa zonse zimene akanatha kukumbutsa nyengo achifumu. Choncho, 1932 Ivanovo-Voznesensk potsiriza anadzatchedwa Ivanovo. Anaumba placename anasenza amaonekera wa yachipembedzo kale Orthodox ndi atakwiyitsa Bolsheviks.

Soviet pakati dera

Pa loyamba asanu Ivanovo akwaniritsa udindo wa "chachitatu likulu proletarian" pambuyo Moscow ndi Leningrad. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi ambiri mafakitale ndi makampani kuti mutsegule. Pa nthawi imeneyo, utsogoleri Soviet kuti azikamugwirira kusuntha likulu la RSFSR mu mzinda wina aliyense, potuluka likulu Soviet mu Moscow. Pakati pa "ofuna" kwa mutu zinali ndi Ivanovo, ngakhale ntchito yomanga sadatsatire.

Komabe, mu 20-30-ntchentche. mzinda anakumana nyamuka wake waukulu. Ivanovo kwambiri adzamangidwenso. Soviet mapulani ndinayang'ana pa iyo monga kuyezetsa pansi zatsopano zawo. Chifukwa cha lero lino pakati dera pali zipilala zambiri oyambirira zokomera constructivism. mizinda ina yotchuka ndi dziko lonse ndi wapadera maseŵeralo sukulu ana a banja yachilendo chikominisi (Interdom).

Bolshevik kukonzanso Ivanovo wakhala anapulumutsa kwambiri akachisi ndi matchalitchi anamanga m'nyengo ya Ufumu wa Russia. Mwachitsanzo, anawonongedwa Pokrovsky ansembe yotchedwa, kuzungulira amene panthawi imodzi ndipo anapanga Pamudzi chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa pakati dera. nyumba ake anagwetsa ndi malo ake anamanga Drama Theatre wotsegulira mu 1939.

Pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo lililonse kumbuyo Ivanovo mzinda. Apa zipatala misa anatsegula asilikali ndi anthu wamba anasamutsidwa. Nthawi zambiri wotanganidwa malo a sukulu ndi nyumba ena. Mu 1942, m'munsi kwa French mpweya Regiment "Normandie-Niemen" analengedwa pa ndege Ivanovo. oyendetsa okhonda anamenyana pa mbali ya Soviet Union ndi olamulira. Mu Ivanovo, iwo ankakhala m'zipinda zogona osiyana.

modernity

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mu Ivanovo anayamba kutsegula alipidwa mabizinezi osati nsalu, komanso zomera makina zomanga. Zikamera wa mafakitale latsopano zinachititsa kuti patsogolo mofulumira nyumba m'matawuni 1980s lapansi. Ambiri mwa makampani amenewa ntchito lero.

Mzinda yamakono kumagwiritsa mbali Nthawi m'mbuyomo. Kufikira tsopano, panali kutsutsana mwa nzika, ngati m'pofunika kuti abwerere dzina mbiri Ivanovo Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Zimenezi amachokera olimbikitsa ndi atsogoleri a tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. Ngakhale masiku ano anthu Ivanovo amakhulupirira kuti dzina panopa mzinda ndi zambiri yabwino yakale.

zizindikiro za mzinda

Mu 1970 izo Analeredwa chida cha Ivanovo manja. peculiarity ake kwagona kuti sanali tikulephera lililonse ziwembu Soviet - .. zenga, nyundo, nyenyezi, etc. M'malo mwake, iwo akuonetsedwa chizindikiro cha choyamba Russian zisinthe - muniwo, komanso yoyenda nsalu.

Zitatha izi odula manja Ivanovo anasintha kamodzi kokha. Mu 1996 iye anapangidwa m'chifanizo cha mtsikana mu sundress ofiira ndi chisoti. Mu manja ake ndi kupota gudumu - chizindikiro cha mabizinezi ambiri nsalu. chithunzi Female pa manja - ichi ndi chitsimikizo china kuti udindo wa "mzinda wa akwatibwi" linaperekedwa kwa iye chifukwa. m'mudzimo wotchuka akazi weavers ake kuluka. Ivanovo mbendera anavomera mu 2003, loti Zobwerezedwa.