Mafakitale zisinthe

N'zovuta kutchula ubwino onse amene amatipatsa patsogolo zamakono: magetsi, chigawo Kutentha, magalimoto, makompyuta, Intaneti - mndandanda kumapitirirabe ... Ndipo komabe, zogwiritsa ntchito zonsezi sizikanatheka kukanakhala opanda kusintha lonse kuti anayamba zaka mazana angapo zapitazo ndipo anapatsidwa dzina mafakitale zisinthe.

Chiyambi ndi mawu akuti

Kodi mawu amenewa amatanthauza ndi kumene anachita chotero dzina odzitukumula? Wolemba wa French wasayansi Jerome akusowekapo, amene ankakhala mu zoyambirira za m'ma lomaliza. Mu izo, ndipo m'njira zamakono za mafakitale - ndi kusintha kwa pa anthu agrarian kuti munthu mafakitale, zomwe chimachititsa kwambiri pa chuma cha mafakitale.

Conventionally, mafakitale lagawidwa masiteji atatu. Pansi pali kusintha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku ntchito yamanja kwa makina. makina amenewa amakhala ndi chikakamizo minofu anthu, koma kwambiri imathandizira ndondomeko kupanga. Mu gawo lachiwiri injini limapezeka zifukwa izi - injini za malasha, amene anali bwino ntchito mafakitale m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Wachitatu makina siteji kupanga amakhala ambiri ndipo pali makampani watsopano - makina zomangamanga.

Masiteji za mafakitale

Dziko yoyamba imene mafakitale, wakhala England. N'chifukwa chiyani? Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, uyu anali ntchito ndi kukhalapo kwa madera. ntchito zawo walola amalonda British kudziunjikira ndalama zokwanira kukhala mafakitale. Baibulo lina limanena kuti izo si ankawalamulira. Iwo anali osati England - Chisipanishi korona analanda chimodzimodzi gawo, koma palibe patsogolo makampani sankafuna. Ndi chinachake - kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII (nthawi limayamba mafakitale ku England) anthu English walenga zinthu yabwino kwa chitukuko cha mafakitale. Choyamba, boma chinali kuteteza chuma payekha ndi bourgeoisie akhoza kukhala na mantha ya khunyu. Kachiwiri, mkulu mlingo wa malonda anafika, zimveke zambiri kugulitsa katundu mafakitale. Chachitatu, panali okwanira ogwira ntchito kapena ntchito yokakamiza mbisoweka (palibe serfs ku England pa nthawi imeneyo sanalinso). Mu ulimi, anayamba msika asapita: dziko lakhala chinthu, ndi chuma chofunika potsiriza atathamangitsidwa achilengedwe. kufamuwa sanafune ambiri ogwira ntchito, ndipo potero kupereka ntchito wotchipa kwa makampani.

Choncho, gawo loyamba la Industrial utasintha British anali wokonzeka. Iwo kunangotsala kupeza galimoto yabwino. Popeza kufunika kwambiri pa nthawi umene zovala, ndi mafakitale anayamba ndendende makampani nsalu. Weaver Dzheyms Hargrivs kamodzi anaona spindle ndi, amalowetsa m'manja mwa mwana wake, ndi inertia akupitiriza sapota. Iye anabwera lingaliro losavuta: kodi tikakhala gudumu kupota, imene spindle adzakhala sapota yokha? "Jenny" - kotero woyamba makina kupota gudumu anaonekera mu 1765. Iwo spindle anaikidwa pa chikuku wapadera, kutsetsereka pa njanji. Imodzi ndi kayendedwe ka ophimba ndi zimayenda ndi chilonda ulusi. gudumu Izi kupota wakhala akugwira ntchito mofulumira kuposa zachibadwa chifukwa ophimba akhoza kuika spindles ochepa. Posachedwa Kutulukira Hargreaves anakhala mtsinje. Patapita kanthawi, ndi hairdresser wamba Richard Arkwright adalenga makina kupota ndi yotengeka ndi gudumu madzi. Imeneyi adakula ulimi wa thonje. Anawonekera mawotchi nsalu. Choncho gawo loyamba la mafakitale.

Pakuti gawo lachiwiri analibe galimoto chilengedwe kuti angathamange chaka chonse. Ndipo mawilo madzi ndi makina oyendera mphepo ankagwiritsa ntchito kulikonse, koma iwo anali wosadalirika kwambiri chifukwa nyengo. Ndiyeno kunapezeka pa anangopeka yabwino ya James Watt - injini nthunzi. Ndipotu, mabanja ndi anayesa zikhale naye, koma zoyambitsidwa awa akhala uneconomical. Mu 1781, khama ake korona bwino. Iye anali wokhoza kuti akonze makina kuti akulola pagalimoto ntchito zosiyanasiyana njira, choncho ndi wotchipa kwa mwini wake. Atangobadwa atayamba Watt anayamba ulendo wake wopambana kwa England, kenako ku mayiko ena a dziko. Anakhoza kupitirira makoma fakitale ndi kugonjetsa zoyendera ndi mafakitale bwinobwino analowa Gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko.

Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri injini nthunzi wafunsira gawo lachitatu la mafakitale, amene anathandiza kutembenukira England mu boma mafakitale. Car kuphimba mafakitale ndi kufunika kwa iwo kuchuluka. Chifukwa, nthambi yatsopano ya ulimi - makina zomangamanga.