Mbiri ya Civil silikhali. Civil Kuteteza USSR: mbiri ya chilengedwe

Ngati inu bwinobwino m'kanthawi kochepa mbiri ya munthu, mwachitsanzo, okhawo zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazi, zimaonekeratu kuti wina mtendere dziko analamulira akaphatikiza ndi zaka zosachepera zitatu.

Zingasokoneze moyo wa munthu

Zikwi khumi ndi zisanu anapulumuka nkhondo ya anthu, ndi aliyense wa iwo anafa osati wolimba (kapena ayi) asilikali, komanso anthu wamba amene konse unachitikira chida mu manja a ana, amayi ndi okalamba. Komanso, imfa zimenezi makamaka mwachisawawa, kupatula milandu fuko mwadala. Kuwonjezera nkhondo, panali zivomezi, kusefukira kwa madzi, miliri, njala miliri misa ndi ndifotokoze mavuto ena. Ndipo pamene chitukuko cha sayansi, zomangamanga ndi luso, ndi chonse ndi opangidwa ndi masoka.

Pamodzi, zinthu zoopsa chifukwa nthawi zinapha miyoyo anthu mabiliyoni 3.5. Pambuyo kuoneka zida zoopsa (poyamba yekha mankhwala), zinadziwika kuti chitukuko pang'onopang'ono koma ndithudi kuyendera njira atalonjeza Thomas Malthus bwino kuteteza chilengedwe kuti dzikoli kuchulukana ndi okha.

Aliyense dziko amamuchititsa kuteteza anthu ku zinthu zoipa, ndipo izi ndi ntchito yake yaikulu. Mu 1932 anayamba mbiri ya chitukuko cha chitetezo wachibadwidwe wa dziko lathu. nyumba imeneyi udaikidwa kuchepetsa zotsatira za kuwonongedwa mayiko chitawapeza USSR.

Nzika, inu poizoni!

Ziphunzitso pa chitetezo ku kukhudzana ndi zida za mankhwala unachitikira mpaka 1932. Mmodzi wa iwo anapereka kuthawa mobisa miliyoneya, anafotokoza m'buku lake lodziwika "The Golden Ng'ombe" Writers I. Ilf ndi Petrov. Nkosatheka mdani wa Soviet Union panthawi imeneyo anali mayiko onse capitalist, nazo zina zida za mankhwala kusunga, kotero amavala zophimba pakamwa anaphunzira msanga wa onse, ana ndi anthu okalamba, ndi kuyambitsa iwo m'njira zosiyanasiyana, nyama. Mu mmasate, ndi kuopseza kunja concretized, izo anapeza mawonekedwe konkire pa nkhope ya Nazi. Mbiri ya chitetezo yapachiweniweni kunayamba October 4, 1932, Anazi mu Germany siinafike mphamvu. Zinaonekeratu kuti ngozi yaikulu anthu wamba akuimira Air Force wa gulu lankhondo la adani, zomwe, ndithudi, mwambo nkhondo bomba mzinda. Nkhondo Spain, yomwe inayamba zaka zinayi, anatsimikizira mantha amenewa.

Pre MoEHE timu

ntchito Civil silikhali mu zaka zoyambilira ndi matupi, wotchedwa m'dera mpweya chitetezo (MoEHE). Ntchito ya gulu la imvera Commissariat of silikhali, anaphatikizapo Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo cholinga kuchepetsa zawonongeka ndi Air Force cha mdani mu chochitika cha nkhondoyi. Anawapatsa ogwira ndi chuma luso, nyumba imeneyi inali kudziŵitsa anthu za kunkhondo mpweya, ndi kupereka mthunzi, kupereka madela kwina yotchedwa otetezedwa, kuthetsa mavuto a matenda ndege mdani ndi kuthandiza akuvutika. Ziwalo mphamvu wapamwamba (SNK), zinaonekeratu kuti yekha magulu a asilikali a ntchito izi sangathe anachita, ndipo ngati mokwiya zichitika, Red Army adzakhala cholinga china chachikulu - kugonjetsedwa kwa mdani. Kukonza angathe mafakitale ndi zachuma ndi kupulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu Soviet akhale chifukwa dziko. Choncho, mawu a chitetezo yapachiweniweni anali kugwiritsa ntchito onse mayunitsi asilikali MoEHE, subordinated kuti Lamulo District wa Red Army ndi mayunitsi ndi wodzipereka. Pa mabizinezi a anakhazikitsako magulu pofuna kuteteza zinthu pa chilichonse zhilupravlenii opareshoni yake adziteteze gulu.

The subordination wa NKVD ndi

Zovuta kwambiri zinthu padziko lonse, mosamala kwambiri anagwira Civil silikhali Organization. Mamiliyoni nzika Soviet ankagwira dongosolo chilichonse pachikhalidwe yaikulu yopanga kapena anthu mazana asanu a distilikiti mu m'tawuni kapena akumidzi nkhani odzipereka 15. Iwo aphunzire zonse zofunika, airspace anaziika chithandizo, komanso gulu woyenera wa m'misasa ndi kukhazikika.

Monga mmene zofunika funsolo linali pa utsogoleri Soviet Civil silikhali Organization, amalankhula zimasonyeza chakuti State MoEHE kuyambira 1940 pansi Commissariat Anthu onse wamphamvu wa za M'dziko wa USSR. Khama la chipani ndi boma yayenda bwino. Ndi 1941, aliyense ogwira ntchito kapena munda wa Soviet Union, m'mizinda yonse ndi zigawo ndondomeko yeniyeni ya chitetezo yapachiweniweni, chimene vuto la nkhondo anafunika kuchita. Pakhala ambiri wamba Zochita. Analengedwa ntchito zambiri cholinga mogwirizana ndi akuluakulu kupereka thandizo la mankhwala kwa anthu ovulala, uyende zoyendera malonda ndi chakudya cha anthu, mauthenga komanso zinthu zina zambiri.

Posachedwapa, luso kubwera imathandiza ...

nkhondo

Popeza June 1941 kutsogolo unachitikira osati pa m'mphepete kutsogolera. Kumbuyo adagwira ntchito kwa musasunge khama kupereka Red Army mukufunika. German lamulo ankadziwa kufunika lililonse fakitale, mbewu iliyonse chifukwa Kuteteza ndi USSR. Ndipo anatuma squadron zoponya mabomba, kufuna kupereka kwambiri kuwonongeka kupanga.

Mbiri ya chitetezo yapachiweniweni panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri akuyenera kuphunzira osiyana ndi mwayi wapadera kusonkhanitsa ankhondo onse chikhalidwe kuteteza dziko lawo. mabomba Incendiary pa madenga a kuzimitsidwa ndi anthu a mibadwo yonse, ndi mdima anatsatira aliyense wokhala mwa nyumba, ndi milandu mantha anali osowa kwambiri, mpaka mu masiku sitikuwamvetsa bwino. MoEHE omenyana chingalepheretse ngozi oposa 30,000 ndi masoka pa dziko mabizinezi chuma, kuti n'chongoletsa masauzande ambirimbiri mabomba, adafuthula moto 90 zikwi, zikwi makumi atatu anapulumuka mabomba. Zimenezi anakongola misa ungwazi, anapanga zopereka zofunika kuti chigonjetso wamba. Civil Kuteteza USSR waonetsa ntchito yapamwamba, woyenera kwabasi.

Pambuyo nkhondo yapachiweniweni chitetezo

zida anaonekera mu 1945. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo ntchito. Soviet Union sanakonzekere kuopseza latsopano ndipo analibe nambala kofunika m'misasa chimene chingathe kupirira bomba la nyukiliya. chuma dziko anali m'mavuto aakulu kugwirizana ndi ayambe lingathe mafakitale ulimi ndi pambuyo kukonza zimene ankhondo ndi ntchito ya mbali yaikulu ya gawo. Komabe, vuto latsopano wachititsa ayankhe. Mbiri ya Civil Kuteteza zaka unawonongedwa anapitiriza miyambo unakhazikitsidwa mu 30s lapansi.

Vuto onena ndi kuteteza anthu anayamba pakati pa XX atumwi, pambuyo patsogolo osiyanasiyana magalimoto yobereka. zida tsopano atha kunyamula zoponya mabomba osati kokha, komanso mizinga, onse pansi ofotokoza ndi mafoni. Mbiri ya Civil silikhali mu USSR mwalamulo kumayambira 1961, zinali ndiye kuti utumiki walandira dzina ili m'malo MoEHE. Sinthani dzina anali oyenera ndithu chifukwa cha kukula kwa ntchito mndandanda dongosolo. Phunziro la "PITA" ali kusukulu zasekondale ndi wapadera ophunzira m'sukulu kupeza chidziwitso zofunika kalasi kwa NVP (maphunziro nkhondo). Mu 70 ntchentche anapanga mayunitsi mafoni kugwira ntchito kuteteza anthu. Mu Balashikha akutsegula sukulu imene imaphunzitsa alonda wamba.

Kumenyana Civil mu United States

Mu makumi asanu ndi sayansi lathu yojambula mofulumira, patsogolo pa maiko ena amene adadzikweza patsogolo za sayansi. Zimenezi ndi zimenenso osati pa zinthu zomwe takwaniritsa danga la USSR, komanso m'dera chitetezo. The Soviet Air Force anaonekera ndege ndi turboprop Lachiwiri 95 ndipo Lachiwiri 16, kukwaniritsa mipherezero kutali kwambiri pa liwilo. Koma chida kwambiri chidali intercontinental ballistic mizinga, ndi utsogoleri Soviet nkhani ya zomangamanga pa nthawi Sanayenera kukayikira. America anataya invulnerability ake transatlantic pa nyumba zosanja zitalizitali ndi minda aakulu ndi specter a nyukiliya "bowa". Mbiri ya United States Civil silikhali anayamba ndendende mu makumi asanu, ndipo posakhalitsa kuthi chikhalidwe cha dziko. Dziko analigaŵa m'zigawo khumi, aliyense ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Pamwamba mudziwo sirens zizindikiro maphunziro, Amaphunzira msanga kubisala pansi madesiki yawo ndi kuthawa kwa pogona ndi. Panali makampani lonse, umene umabala nkhokwezi okonzeka ndi moyo thandizo kachitidwe kwa obwera onse. Tikumbukenso chilakolako cha American "anzake" kuphunzira mwakhama zinachitikira Union, onse m'gulu ndiponso luso. Pa chida mavuto Cuba chiwerengero cha m'misasa mu United States kuposa kuti mu USSR, vuto la nkhondo, kupulumutsa anthu pakhoza kukhala zambiri, koma anthu awononga chifukwa cha amenye nyukiliya, anatsala zosavomerezeka kwathunthu.

Israel

Palibe wachiwiri wa dziko, amene adzakhala mbiri kotero kochititsa kaso kwa Civil silikhali. Mwachidule akhoza kutchulidwa mawu awiri: 'kupulumutsa onse ". Mwatsoka, ili sikuti ntchito, koma kupitiriza kudana ndi malire a dziko la Israyeli ndi mivi "Scud" ndi mivi ochiritsira "Grad" ndi ntchito zambiri zigawenga ungamuphe nambala wokulirapo wa anthu wamba ovulala, ngati miyeso si ogwira umalimbana awo chitetezo. Mwachangu ATENGEDWA utumiki adzalola Nduna ya Civil silikhali mu 2012, ngakhale kuti mawu za Akuti chiwerengero cha akuvutika la anthu likhoza m'ziwawa nkhondo ndi Iran ndi Hamas nthawi yomweyo. Malinga ndi iye, chiwerengero cha akufa musalumphe anthu mazana asanu. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti Matan Vilnai mawu kukokomeza kuthekera kwa Utumiki lotsogoleredwa ndi iye, koma kuti chitetezo cha anthu wamba mu Isiraeli bungwe bwino, zoonekeratu. Pankhaniyi, palibe wina m'dziko Middle East si negate ntchito zinachitikira Soviet ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomangamanga lonse wamba.

Mu Russia demokalase

Mbiri ya Russian chitetezo yapachiweniweni inayamba mu 1991, imodzi ndi chilengedwe cha nchito boma ndi chitetezo mphamvu za boma latsopano. ATENGEDWA Management analowa anapanga State Committee kwa mwadzidzidzi ndi Kucotsa Zotsatira za Masoka Achilengedwe (EMERCOM), patapita zaka zitatu lidzasinthidwa Utumiki wa Zochitika Emergency (Mesiya). Civil chitetezo wakhala mbali ya ntchito anatumizidwa kukonza. uthunthu wawo lonse la anatembenuka.

Pamafunikanso kwenikweni kuthana ndi masoka achilengedwe ndi opangidwa zachilengedwe ndi ngozi ndi khalidwe navreno (mwadzidzidzi kupulumutsidwa ndi ntchito kuchira). Komanso, Moe akukonzekera osefukira kapena kuipitsidwa kwa kutumidwa m'madera apadera magulu, ukhondo anthu, zipangizo, ndi nyumba, ntchito pyrotechnic, makonzedwe a njira kuchoka ku mabacteria oopsa komanso madera, kubwezeretsa kwa aya kutanganidwa (misewu, mabwalo a ndege, mphamvu mizere ndi aya ndi zina zotero. ). Pali njira zina za chitetezo boma. ntchito zake, ngati n'koyenera, Unduna wa mwadzidzidzi amachita pamodzi ndi mayunitsi a magulu ankhondo okhala ndi zida za la Russia.

Mu September 2011 anadza Watsimikiza Pulezidenti, chimene Utumiki wa silikhali analangiza chilengedwe mayunitsi wapadera asilikali kuthandiza anthu m'madera tsoka.

Panopa Utumiki wa Zochitika Emergency ndi gulu lamphamvu kwambiri pa mlingo la feduro, amene ali nazo ake zipangizo zambiri zamakono. othandizira ukadaulo ndi osiyanasiyana, Utumiki ngakhale ndege yake, ndege oposa makumi asanu, kuphatikizapo Helicopters, pali ang'ono ndi lalikulu ndege okonzekera wozimitsa zikuluzikulu moto nkhalango ndi zouluka zipatala.

M'maiko onse ndi kunyumba

Mbiri posachedwapa wa Civil Kuteteza Russia nthawi zonse kusinthidwa ndi masamba waulemerero. Rescuers mwaukadaulo ntchito osati m'dzikoli komanso kunja. Emergency Zochitika Utumiki ndege anapulumutsa thandizo akuwonjezerekabe kumadera osiyanasiyana a dziko. Kupulumutsidwa anakonza katundu anakhudzidwa ndi zivomezi, mikuntho, madzi osefukira ndi masoka ena achilengedwe. thandizo lamtengo wapatali inaperekedwa ndi Owapulumutsa ndi amene ankadwala ntchito ya usilikali. Potsatira zoopsa "Katrina" mphepo yamkuntho wayambitsa mavuto ambiri mu 2005, mbiri ya Civil silikhali kuthi latsopano wapadera zoona. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya Owapulumutsa Russian zinthu pa dera la United States, kupereka thandizo kwa anthu. katundu wothandizira ankapulumutsidwa ku US ndi pamene m'kati "Sandy" (2012), ndi pa mphepo yamkuntho anakantha Oklahoma (2013).

Kumene, mayiko ena tizidalira Owapulumutsa Russian. Koma chofunika chachikulu cha machitidwe athu chitetezo yapachiweniweni - kuteteza miyoyo ndi umoyo wa nzika zake. Mwa ntchito anatenga pa zaka ziwiri zapitazi, n'zotheka kusamutsa ndi kuchita Chechnya, ndi ntchito ndi kuthetsa nthenda Tuva, ndi polimbana ndi uchigawenga wa Moscow ndiponso mizinda ina. Ndipo panali ngozi ndege ndi moto Ostankino ndi Karmadon Gorge, ndi mabomba mu yapansi panthaka. Ndipo madzi osefukira mu Krymsk ndi Far East. Mazana a akatswiri kwathetsa zotsatira za tsoka pa Sayano-Shushenskaya opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu mu 2009. Lero, convoys zothandiza anthu kupita mu Luhansk ndi Donetsk m'madera.

Onse ali ovuta ati. Ndipo paliponse patsogolo - alonda kupulumutsidwa, nyumba ya ulemerero MoEHE ndi magulu chitetezo boma.