Tsogolo Mphamvu: zenizeni ndi nkhambakamwa. magwero mphamvu zina

Si chinsinsi kwa wina aliyense kuti zinthu zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito zimatha, komanso kuwonjezeka kwawo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito sikungathandize mphamvu, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu chuma - malasha, gasi ndi mafuta - zidzathera patatha zaka makumi angapo, ndipo izi ziyenera kutengedwa tsopano, lero. Inde, munthu akhoza kuyembekezera kuti tidzakhalanso ndi chuma chambiri, monga momwe zinaliri kumapeto kwa zaka zana lapitayi, koma asayansi akutsimikiza kuti ndalama zazikulu zotere siziliponso. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, ngakhale kupezeka kwa ndalama zatsopano zidzangowonongeka zosapeŵeka, ndikofunikira kupeza njira zopangira mphamvu zowonjezereka, ndikusintha njira zowonjezereka monga mphepo, dzuwa, mphamvu zowonongeka, kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi ena, ndipo, panthawi yomweyo, kukula kwa magetsi opulumutsa mphamvu.

M'nkhani ino, tiona ena mwa malingaliro odalirika, malinga ndi asayansi amasiku ano, omwe mphamvu za m'tsogolo zidzamangidwa.

Malo otentha

Anthu akhala akuganiza kuti ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa padziko pano. Pansi pa kuwala kwa dzuwa, madzi anali otenthedwa, zovala ndi zoumba zinkakhazikika asanatumizedwe ku uvuni, koma njira izi sizingatchedwe kuti ndi zothandiza. Njira yoyamba yamagetsi, kusintha mphamvu ya dzuwa, inayamba m'zaka za zana la 18. Wasayansi wa ku France, J. Buffon, adawonetsa zomwe zinamuchitikira kuti atha kuyaka mtengo wouma patali pafupifupi mamita makumi asanu ndi awiri pogwiritsa ntchito galasi lalikulu la concave mu nyengo yoyenera. Wachimwene wake, wasayansi wotchuka A. Lavoisier, ankagwiritsa ntchito lens kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndipo ku England anapanga galasi ya biconvex, yomwe, yomwe imayang'ana kuwala kwa dzuŵa, inasungunuka chitsulo chosungunuka mu mphindi zingapo chabe.

Akatswiri a zachilengedwe akhala akufufuza zambiri zomwe zasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa padziko lapansi n'kotheka. Komabe, batri ya dzuwa, yomwe ingasinthe mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti ikhale yosakaniza, inapezeka posachedwapa, mu 1953. Linapangidwa ndi asayansi kuchokera ku National Aerospace Agency ya United States. Kale mu 1959, sitima ya dzuwa inagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba kukonza satelliti.

Mwina panthawiyi, pozindikira kuti pamakhala mabatirewa, ndibwino kuti asayansi apange lingaliro la kulenga malo osungirako dzuwa, chifukwa mu ola lomwe dzuwa limapereka mphamvu zochuluka monga momwe anthu onse sawononga chaka, bwanji osagwiritsa ntchito? Kodi mphamvu ya dzuwa ya mtsogolo idzakhala yotani?

Kumbali imodzi, zikuwoneka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi njira yabwino. Komabe, mtengo wa malo akuluakulu dzuŵa ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo pambali pake padzakhala zodula. Pakapita nthawi, pamene zipangizo zamakono zothandizira katundu ku malo, komanso zipangizo zatsopano, zidzayambitsidwa, kukhazikitsidwa kwa polojekitiyi kudzatheka, koma pakalipano tikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire ang'onoang'ono padziko lapansi. Ambiri adzanena kuti izi sizolakwika. Inde, n'zotheka m'nyumba yaumwini, koma kuti pakhale magetsi a mizinda ikuluikulu, motero, maselo ambiri a dzuwa kapena teknoloji yomwe idzawathandiza kuti azigwira bwino ntchito.

Zolinga zachuma pa nkhaniyi zikupezekapo: bajeti iliyonse idzavutika kwambiri ngati itapatsidwa ntchito yowotolera mzinda wonse (kapena dziko lonse) ku mabatire a dzuwa. Zikuwoneka kuti n'zotheka kulepheretsa anthu okhala mumzinda kuti azilipira ndalama zowonjezera, koma pa nthawiyi sangakhale okhutira, chifukwa ngati anthu anali okonzeka kupita kutero, akanatha kuchita izi nthawi yaitali: mwayi wogula betri ya dzuwa imapezeka kwa aliyense.

Ponena za mphamvu ya dzuŵa, palinso chinthu china chododometsa: mtengo wogulitsa. Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa ku magetsi mwachindunji si chinthu chabwino kwambiri. Pakadali pano, palibe njira yopezeka bwino kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mazenera a dzuwa kuti athe kutentha madzi, omwe, kutembenukira mu nthunzi, komanso kutembenuza dynamo. Pankhaniyi, kutaya mphamvu ndizochepa. Anthu akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito "mapulogalamu a dzuwa" omwe amachititsa kuti dzuwa likhale labwino komanso malo osungira dzuwa kuti apulumutse chuma, koma kuti ntchitoyi ikhale ndi mphamvu zochuluka komanso mphamvu zopanda zachirengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, France posachedwapa inamanga chomera cha mphamvu cha dzuwa, malo ozungulira makilomita awiri. Mtengo wa zomangamanga unali pafupifupi milioni 110 miliyoni, osawerengera mtengo wa ntchito. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukira kuti moyo wa njira zoterozo ndi pafupi zaka 25.

Mphepo

Mphamvu ya mphepo - yakhala ikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi anthu kuyambira kale, chitsanzo chosavuta ndicho kuyenda panyanja. Mphepo zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano, makamaka zimakhala bwino m'madera okhala ndi mphepo nthawizonse, mwachitsanzo, pamphepete mwa nyanja. Asayansi nthawi zonse amapereka malingaliro a momwe angagwiritsire ntchito makina omwe alipo kale othandizira kusintha mphepo yamkuntho, imodzi mwa iwo - mphepo za mphepo ngati mawotchi oyenda. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwanthawi zonse, iwo "amangokhala" mlengalenga pamtunda wa mamita mazana angapo kuchokera padziko lapansi, kumene mphepo imakhala yamphamvu komanso nthawi zonse. Izi zikhoza kuthandiza ku magetsi a m'midzi, kumene sikutheka kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo yamakono. Kuphatikiza apo, makina oyandama oterewa akhoza kukhala ndi ma modules a intaneti, omwe anthu adzapatsidwa mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti.

Mafunde ndi mafunde

Kuphulika kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo kumadutsa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chidwi cha ochita kafukufuku chinakopeka ndi mphamvu ina yachirengedwe. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mafunde. Panopa, makampani pafupifupi 100 padziko lonse lapansi akugwira nawo ntchitoyi, ndipo pali mapulojekiti ambiri omwe anatsimikizira kuti njira yamagetsiyi ikugwira bwino ntchito. Ubwino woposa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndikutayika pamene kusinthitsa mphamvu imodzi kupita kunzake kuli kochepa: mafunde ozungulira amatembenuza chingwe chachikulu chomwe chimapanga magetsi.

Ntchito ya Oy Oyster ndi lingaliro loyika valavu yotsitsika pansi pa nyanja yomwe imapereka madzi kumtunda, motero ikuyendetsa makina osakanikirana a ma hydroelectric. Chitsulo chimodzi chokhacho chingapereke magetsi pang'ono.

Ali kale ku Australia, akugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafunde: mumzinda wa Perth anaika desalination, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyi. Ntchito yawo imawathandiza kupereka anthu pafupifupi theka la milioni okhala ndi madzi abwino. Mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mafakitale angagwirizanenso mu makampani opanga mphamvu.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mphamvu zamtundu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mateknoloji omwe timakonda kuwona mumtsinje wa hydro hydroctricric plant. Kawirikawiri HPPs ndizovulaza chilengedwe: malo omwe ali pafupi ndi osefukira, chilengedwe chikuwonongeka, koma malo opita pa mafunde akuyenda bwino kwambiri.

Mphamvu za munthuyo

Imodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri pa mndandanda wathu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za anthu amoyo. Zimamveka zodabwitsa komanso zowopsya, koma sizinthu zonse zoopsa. Asayansi amayamikira lingaliro la momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mawotchi mphamvu a kuyenda. Mapulojekitiwa ndi ofanana ndi ma microelectronics ndi nanotechnologies omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa. Ngakhale zikumveka ngati zopanda pake, palibe zenizeni zenizeni, koma lingalirolo ndi losangalatsa kwambiri ndipo silichoka m'maganizo a asayansi. Zivomerezani, zidzakhala zida zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ngati mawonedwe omwe akuwombera pang'onopang'ono, zidzatsimikiziridwa kuti chojambulira chimatengedwa ndi chala, kapena chifukwa chakuti piritsi kapena foni imangokangamira mu thumba pamene akuyenda. Popanda kutchula zovala zomwe, zodzaza ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, zingasinthe kukhala magetsi mphamvu ya kuyenda kwa munthu.

Mwachitsanzo, ku Berkeley, ku laboratories ya Lawrence, asayansi anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mavairasi kuti athe kusintha magetsi. Njira zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwira ntchito kuchokera pamsewu zimapezekanso, koma pakalipano palibe teknoloji yotereyi yomwe yaperekedwa. Inde, ndi vuto la mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi njira iyi silingathe kuyendetsedwa: ndi anthu angati omwe ayenera "kuyendetsa" kuti mbeu yonse ikhale yogwira ntchito? Koma monga imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zovutazo, chiphunzitsocho n'chotheka kwambiri.

Makanemawa makamaka adzakhala ovuta kumalo ovuta kufika, pamalo okwerera m'mapiri, m'mapiri ndi taiga, pakati pa oyenda ndi alendo omwe sakhala ndi mwayi wopereka ndalama zawo, koma ndizofunika kuti azilankhulana, makamaka ngati gulu liri m'mavuto. Zingatheke bwanji ngati anthu nthawizonse amakhala ndi chipangizo cholumikizira chodalirika chomwe sichidalira pa "katundu".

Magetsi a hydrogen

Mwina, mwiniwake wa galimoto amene amayang'ana chiwonetsero cha mafuta, akuyandikira zero, anali ndi lingaliro la momwe zingakhalire zazikulu ngati galimoto ikugwira ntchito pamadzi. Koma tsopano ma atomu ake aona asayansi monga malo enieni a mphamvu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mu hydrogen particles - gasi yowonjezeka kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse - ili ndi mphamvu yochuluka. Komanso, injini imatentha mpweya umenewu popanda mankhwala, ndiko kuti, timapeza mafuta okonda kwambiri zachilengedwe.

Hydrogen imachotsedwa ndi ma modules ena a ISS ndi ma shuttles, koma pa Dziko lapansi liripo makamaka mwa mawonekedwe monga madzi. Muzaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu ku Russia panali ndege zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito hydrogen monga mafuta, mateknolojiwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochita, ndipo zitsanzo zoyesera zakhala zothandiza. Pamene haidrojeni imalekanitsa, imayendetsa ku mafuta apadera, kenako zimatha kupanga magetsi molunjika. Uwu si mphamvu ya mtsogolo, iyo ili kale yeniyeni. Magalimoto ofananawa apangidwa kale ndipo ali ndi zambiri zambiri. Honda, pofuna kutsimikizira kuti dziko lonse lapansi ndi magetsi komanso galimoto lonse, amayesa kuyesa kumene galimotoyo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi makina ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, koma osati kuti adzalandirenso. Galimoto ikhoza kupereka mphamvu kwa nyumba yachinsinsi kwa masiku angapo, kapena kupita popanda kutsegula kwa makilomita pafupifupi mazana asanu.

Chokhacho chokha cha magetsi oterewa pakali pano ndi mtengo wapatali wa makina okonda zachilengedwe, ndipo ndithudi, ma hydrogen angapo amadzaza malo, koma m'mayiko ambiri ntchito yawo yomangamanga idakonzedwa kale. Mwachitsanzo, ku Germany kuli kale ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsa malo zana odzaza ndi 2017.

Kutentha kwa Dziko

Kusinthika kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kukhala magetsi ndikofunika kwa mphamvu ya geothermal. M'mayiko ena, komwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafakitale ena kuli kovuta, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Philippines, magetsi 27% amagwira ntchito zowonongeka, ndipo ku Iceland chiwerengerochi ndi pafupifupi 30%. Chofunika kwambiri cha njira yochotsera mphamvu ndi yophweka, mawonekedwewa ali ofanana ndi chosavuta chowombera injini. Pambuyo pa "nyanja" yotchulidwa kuti "nyanja" ya magma, m'pofunika kuyala chitsime kudzera mwa madzi. Mukamalankhula ndi magma otentha, madzi amatha kukhala nthunzi. Amakwera, kumene amasintha magetsi, motero amapanga magetsi.

Tsogolo la mphamvu yowonongeka ndi kupeza masitolo akuluakulu a magma. Mwachitsanzo, ku Iceland yomwe ili pamwambayi inathekera: magma osokoneza bongo kwa mphindi imodzi yachiwiri anatembenukira madzi onse opopedwa ndi nthunzi pamtunda wotentha pafupifupi madigiri 450 Celsius. Madzi oterewa angapangitse kuchuluka kwa zomera zowonongeka kangapo, izi zingayambitse chitukuko cha mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka m'madera odzaza ndi mapiri ndi akasupe otentha.

Kugwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya

Mphamvu ya nyukiliya, m'nthaŵi yake, inachititsa chidwi kwenikweni. Kotero mpaka anthu adazindikira kuopsa kwa malonda awa. Ngozi ndi zotheka, kuchokera kuzinthu zotero palibe munthu yemwe ali ndi inshuwalansi, koma ndizochepa, koma madayira otayirira amaoneka bwino ndipo posachedwapa asayansi sangathe kuthetsa vutoli. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ndodo za uranium ndi "mafuta" a chikhalidwe cha magetsi a nyukiliya, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi 5 peresenti yokha. Pambuyo pa kukula kwa gawo ili laling'ono, ndodo yonse imatumizidwa ku "kutaya".

Poyamba, teknoloji inagwiritsidwa ntchito mmalo momwe ndodozo zinalowetsedwa m'madzi, zomwe zimachepetsanso ma neutroni, zothandizira kukhazikika kolimba. Mmalo mwa madzi, ntchito ya sodium ya madzi inali m'malo mwake. Izi zimaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yonse ya uranium, komanso kupanga matani zikwi makumi ambiri za zinyalala zamagetsi.

Ndikofunika kupulumutsa dziko kuchokera ku zinyalala za nyukiliya, koma pali "koma" mu luso lomwelo. Uranus imatanthawuza zothandiza, ndipo nkhokwe zake pa Dziko lapansi ziri zomaliza. Ngati dziko lonse lapansi limangotumizidwa ku mphamvu zomwe zimalandira kuchokera ku magetsi a nyukiliya (mwachitsanzo, ku US, zomera za nyukiliya zimapanga magetsi 20 peresenti yokha), maguwa a uranium adzatha posachedwa, ndipo izi zidzabweretsanso anthu kumbuyo kwa mphamvu ya mphamvu, kuti nyukiliya , Ngakhale kuti zakhala zamakono, ndizochepa chabe.

Zomera za masamba

Ngakhale Henry Ford, atalenga "Model T" yake, adayembekezera kuti izi zidzagwiranso ntchito pa biofuel. Komabe, panthawiyo, madera atsopano a mafuta adapezeka, ndipo kufunika kwa magetsi osagwiritsidwa ntchito kunagwa kwa zaka zambiri, koma tsopano kubwerera.

Kwazaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazi, kugwiritsa ntchito zomera zamtundu, monga ethanol ndi biodiesel, kwonjezera kangapo. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu zowonongeka, komanso monga zowonjezera ku mafuta. Kalekale, ziyembekezo zidaphatikizidwa pa chikhalidwe cha mapira, chomwe chimatchedwa "canola". Sikoyenera kwa chakudya, kaya kwa anthu kapena kwa ziweto, koma zili ndi mafuta ambiri. Kuchokera pa mafutawa ndikuyamba kubala "biodiesel". Koma chikhalidwe ichi chidzatenga malo ochulukirapo ngati mukuyesera kukulirakulira kwambiri kuti mupereke mafuta kwa mbali ya dziko lapansi.

Asayansi tsopano ayamba kulankhula za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa algae. Mafuta awo ali pafupifupi 50%, zomwe zidzakupangitsani kukhala zosavuta kuchotsa mafuta, ndipo zinyalala zingasandulike feteleza, potsatira maziko omwe atsopano adzakula. Lingaliro likuonedwa kuti ndi lothandiza, koma lingaliro lake silinatsimikizire: kufalitsa kwa zatsopano zopambana m'dera lino sikunayambe kufalitsidwa.

Thermonuclear fusion

Mphamvu zamtsogolo za dziko lapansi, malinga ndi akatswiri amakono, sitingathe popanda teknoloji ya thermonuclear fusion. Izi, pakali pano, ndi chitukuko cholonjeza kwambiri, chomwe chagwiritsidwa kale mabiliyoni ambiri a madola.

M'magetsi a nyukiliya, mphamvu zopuma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndizoopsa chifukwa pali mantha omwe angayambe kusokoneza makinawa ndipo amachititsa kuti zinthu zowonongeka zitheke kutuluka: mwina, onse amakumbukira ngozi yomwe ikuchitika ku Chernobyl.

Mmene zimachitikira thermonuclear fusion, yomwe imachokera ku dzina, mphamvu yomwe imatulutsidwa panthawi yophatikiza maatomu imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zake, mosiyana ndi atomic fission, palibe zinyalala zowonongeka.

The vuto lalikulu ndi kuti maphatikizidwe chifukwa ndi chinthu wokhala ndi kutentha, amene angathe kuwononga riyakitala lonse.

Izi mphamvu za m'tsogolo - zenizeni. Ndipo m'maganizo ndi mwa malo panthawi mu France kale anayamba kumanga riyakitala lapansi. mabiliyoni angapo madola padera mu ntchito woyendetsa, zomwe zimachokera ku mayiko, imene, kuwonjezera pa EU, muli China, Japan, USA, Russia ndi ena. Poyamba, zatsopano woyamba kale ayambitse mu 2016, koma kuwerengetsera asonyeza kuti bajeti ndi chochepa (m'malo biliyoni 5 anatenga 19), ndipo Launch anagwidwa zaka 9. Mwina tiona zaka zingapo, amatha maphatikizidwe mphamvu.

Mavuto a mwayi yalelo

Asayansi sichotero chokha, komanso olemba nkhani yopeka, amathandiza kwambiri mfundo kukwaniritsidwa kwa m'tsogolo mphamvu, koma onse amavomereza kuti technology mpaka palibe njira sangabereke thandizo wodzala ndi zosoŵa zonse chitukuko chathu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati magalimoto onse mu US an'dzacosa biofuel minda canola Mwadzala m'dera wofanana theka la dziko lonse, popanda kutenga nkhani yakuti dziko oyenera kulima mu United States si ambiri.
Komanso, mpaka njira zonse za ulimi wa mphamvu zina - misewu. Mwina wina wa anthu wamba m'tauni, Ndikuvomereza kuti ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito woyera, chuma zongowonjezwdwa, koma osati pamene iwo mawu mtengo wa kusintha ngati pa mphindi. Asayansi ndi ntchito yambiri m'dera limeneli. Latsopano atulukira, zipangizo zatsopano, malingaliro atsopano - zonsezi kuthandiza anthu kuthana ndi mavuto awo kuleza gwero.

Kuthetsa mavuto mphamvu ya dziko mungathe miyeso mabuku okha. M'madera ena, ndi yabwino ntchito yopanga mphamvu mphepo, kwinakwake - mapanelo dzuwa, ndi zina zotero. Koma mwina chinthu chachikulu ndi kuchepetsa mowa mphamvu ambiri ndi chilengedwe cha umisiri mphamvu yopulumutsa. Munthu aliyense ayenera kudziwa kuti udindo dzikoli, ndipo aliyense ayenera kudzifunsa kuti; "Kodi mtundu wa mphamvu Ndasankha m'tsogolo"
Pamaso kutembenukira kwa zinthu zina, aliyense ayenera kuzindikira kuti ndi zofunika. Only njira mabuku adzatha vutolo mphamvu.