Athens: malo enieni makamaka mbiri chitukuko

Mzinda wakale pa malo Athens ano chinayamba m'zaka XV BC. Iye anaonekera chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe madera angapo akukhala Attica. Dera limeneli zikugwirizana ndi Balkans ndi Peloponnese chilumba. Iwo unali likulu la Greece.

Atene

Theka-lodziwika bwino mfumu Theseus, amene anakhalako padziko XIII m'ma BC, kusintha dera la ku Atene. Kuchokera pamenepa, izo magulu angapo, kuphatikizapo demiurge, ndipo eupatrides geomori. Otsiriza a iwo anali olemekezeka, okhala ziwembu lalikulu la dziko. Chifukwa cha ichi, nthawi, ambiri a ufulu wa mzinda wakhala amadalira landlords izi. Choncho panali ukapolo ku Athens.

Mu mzinda, kuwonjezera mfulu ndi akapolo, metics anali kalasi. Iwo sanali akapolo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo alibe ufulu umene anali ku apamwamba. Athens zogwirizana ndi Board ya archons naini, osankhidwa pa kagulu ka nzika olemera ndi otchuka.

kusintha Solon a

Ancient Athens, malo Hrs amene akhala yopindulitsa kwambiri, unakula mofulumira olemera pa maziko a anzawo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka. The vuto anaitana kusintha. Iwo anayambitsa pa chiyambi cha BC VI atumwi, Solon anakhala archon.

Iye anali wa m'banja otchuka. Komabe, iye anatha patsogolo pa ndalama za matalente zawo. Poyamba ankadziwika wolemba ndakatulo. Mu akula, anakhala mkulu wa asilikali ndi kutsogolera bwino angapo wankhondo ndi anansi ake, kuphatikizapo Megara.

Mu 594 BC. e. anakhala archon. Chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wa mwadzidzidzi mphamvu Solon yotakata apatsidwa. Chifukwa ichi unachitikira nambala ya kusintha. malonda ndi kugula anthu mu ukapolo ngongole awo ndalama borrowers ailetsa. Ndi Maganizo a akalola anatuluka mphukira katundu payekha ndi ufulu watsopano opeza. Kwa nzika iliyonse kulipira papite misonkho, anthu onse a Athens anali m'magulu anayi malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Zonsezi atumikira monga maziko a mzinda posakhalitsa anakhala malo aakulu ndale mu Greece wakale.

The Golden Age Pericles

Munthu wina amene wachita zambiri kwa ukulu wa Athens anali Pericles. Iye anayamba kulamulira mu 461 BC. e. Pamene anakhazikitsa dongosolo la demokalase. State wa Athens anali woyamba mu dziko kutengera mtundu uwu wa boma. Kuyambira pamenepo, zonse okhala ufulu anapatsidwa ufulu ndale ndi kuvotera atsogoleri kuti anali sanakonde.

Athens pansi Pericles chitukuko peaked. Mzindawu unali likulu la chikhalidwe wakale. Apa wazambiriyakale Herodotus moyo, nzeru ena, Osema ndi ndakatulo. mzinda kakusintha ndi kwakukulu kukonzanso. Panali otchuka Acropolis ndi kachisi Parthenon - ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga wakale. Mwa anthu anali ndi amaposa a kulemba ndi kuliwerenga. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, chinenero cha Chigiriki anakhala wamphamvu mu Mediterranean. Ngakhale atagwa polis wakale wa ntchito anapitiriza sayansi, kotero panali kuchuluka yaikulu mawu amakono zosiyanasiyana amalanga. Okamba ndi apamwamba imachitika kutsutsana anthu atazungulira anthu ambiri variegated.

Athens, malo Hrs kuti amalola kuti kumanga ngalawa nthawi imeneyi inadzakhala likulu la malonda apanyanja ndi kulamulira. Choncho ulendo wautali anapita adventurers ndi adventurers n'kukakhala mphepete mwa Italy, Africa North ndi Black Sea.

The kupikisana ndi Sparta

M'chaka cha 431 BC. e. Athens wakale ankachita mu nkhondo ndi mnansi kum'mwera - Sparta. Pericles anali akali moyo, ndipo iye amene anatsogolera nkhondo yoyamba bwino gawo la mkangano. Koma mwadzidzidzi, mzinda anayamba mliri wakupha, amene anadzipha yekha wotchuka mfumu.

Kenako anaitana Peloponnesian nkhondo historiography. Greek Athens anaima pa mutu wa League Delian, amenenso anali Samo, Chios ndi Lesvos. Sparta kwa zaka zambiri anayesa ndikutsutsa mizindayi. Ndi zimasiyana wa demokalase Athens. Pano pa mutu wa boma anaima kalasi usilikali, ndipo anthu onse akukhala m'nyumba m'chipindacho. Aliyense akudziwa malamulo ankhanza wa mfundo imeneyi, mwachitsanzo, mwambo kuponya ana wodwala ndi zilakolako zoipa kuchokera phompho. Kotero izo sizinali yekha nkhondo pakati pa malo awiri ndale, koma kachitidwe awiri a gulu chikhalidwe.

Nthawi yoyamba ya nkhondo wakhala yodziwika ndi mabomba ambiri Sparta kuti Attica, pamene Athens anayesa kupambana mothandizidwa ndi Navy ndi panyanja ukulu. Mu theka lachiwiri la nkhondo, chirichonse chakhala zasokonekereratu. Sparta anapindula thandizo la Aperezi ndi alendo akanatha kupanga zombo. Ndi icho, ogwirizana onse a ku Atene anagonjetsedwa poyamba. Mu 404 BC. e. ndipo ngakhale mfundo zazikulu kuzilandira kugonjetsedwa, ndi chifukwa chakuti pali unakhazikitsidwa ndi Mipikisano chaka mwankhanza. Ndipo Athens ndi Sparta anali wofooka. Motero, pa nthawi, ku Greece anasamukira patsogolo Thebes. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi inapitirira kwa nthawi yaitali.

Jambulani Amakedoniya

The IV m'ma BC. e. kukweza ufumu Chimakedoniya, lomwe lili kumpoto kwa Greece. wolamulira wake Filipo II anaganiza kuti agonjetse anansi kum'mwera, amene kwa zaka zambiri ankachita nkhondo internecine. Atene ogwirizana nzika za Thebes, ndipo anakumana ndi mdani wa Chaeronea mu 338 BC. e. Agiriki anagonjetsedwa.

Pambuyo Athens ndi Sparta anali gawo la ufumu wa Makedoniya. Mwana wa Filipo - mkulu kwambiri Alexander - posachedwapa anatsogolera nambala yaikulu Ahelene kum'mawa kuti akagonjetse akutali. Anasiya Aperisiya, amene nthawi yaitali kuopseza inshuwalansi. Boma latsopano, komanso kubisa Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt ndi pafupi ndi India, sizinakhalitse. Komabe, zaka zambirimbiri, maiko onsewa ayamba chikhalidwe cha Agiriki omwe malo akhala ulamuliro wa Athens ndi Sparta. Chigiriki wakhala interethnic.

Mu Athens lokha pa nthawi iyi panali wina kuyanga zachikhalidwe. Iwo linatsegulidwa ndi Academy of Plato ndi Aristotle Lyceum.

Roma

Mu 146 BC. e. Athens linali lofika ku Republic Roma anadzakhala ufumu. Kuyambira pamenepo, mzindawo unakhala zigawo. Komabe, Aroma anatengera kwambiri chikhalidwe cha Agiriki. Zinali Mbali awo - iwo silinawononge miyambo m'deralo, chinenero, etc. M'malo mwake, Aroma anatenga yabwino kwa anthu anagonjetsa mwa kuzigaŵira dera ake chikoka mwa bata ...

Athens kuchepa Zimenezi zinachitika BC III atumwi. e., pamene chigawo Balkan anakhala wotsatira kwa matenda akunjawo lapansi. Ambiri a manda ya wakale akunyalanyaza chikhalidwe ndi kuwonongedwa pa nthawi. Games Olympic, chomwe ndi mwambo wofunika nthawi zonse mu moyo wa Agiriki m'deralo zimafika.

mbali ya Ufumu Byzantine

Ndi azingokhala Ufumu magawo awiri Athens, amene malo limafanana ndi theka kum'mawa, kukhala mbali ya Byzantine. Iwo anali pa nthawi ino, anthu wamba anayamba kuvomera, makamaka lamulo Konstantina Velikogo. Izi zapangitsa kuti mofulumira wakale misa kutsitsimuka kwa milungu wakale. Mfumu Byzantine sanali makamaka Athens, ndipo mwadongosolo ndiyotani pakuchotsa zizindikiro za lothandiza zapitazi. Choncho m'zaka VI Justinian yoletsedwa sukulu za anthu, zomwe analingalira kukuchitika kwa chikunja ndi mwano.

Athens anakhala mudzi zigawo pamene Chigiriki anakhala chinenero cha ufumu, amene likulu anali Constantinople. The moyandikana ndi pakati ndale analola mzinda kuti mwakachetechete moyo kwa zaka zingapo. M'zaka za m'ma XIII Ufumu wa Byzantine unatha kwa nthawi yochepa Constantinople anagonjetsedwa ndi Akhristu. Akatolika unakhazikitsidwa Greece umati ochepa. Athens inasandulika chilikati cha duchy laling'ono, limene ankalamulidwa ndi French ndi Italy.

Mzinda Turkey

Mu 1458 mumzinda anagwidwa ndi Muslim Turkey. Iye kalekale mbali ya Ottoman. Kangapo Athens anakhala chandamale cha kuukira kwa Republic Venetian, amene anali pa nkhondo ndi Turkey mphamvu mu Mediterranean. M'zaka za m'ma XVII, inali imodzi mwa sieges linawonongedwa Parthenon wakale.

Likulu yamakono ya Greece

Ngakhale mphamvu ya Turkey, mtundu Greek lili, ngakhale, ndithudi, iye anali pang'ono kuchita ndi Agiriki akale. mtundu umenewu unali mpingo wake chikale - chipembedzo cha Chikhristu wakhala apa kuyambira m'masiku a Ufumu wa Byzantium. Mu XIX m'ma pa maziko a mavuto mu ufumu Greek anayamba fuko. Kukwera itayamba, zomwe zili m'mayiko ambiri European Mkhristu. Mu 1833, panali wodziimira Greek ufumu, zomwe Athens anakhala likulu.

Pambuyo kumasulidwa kuchoka ku ulamuliro Turkey pano zinachitika lingamutsatire ntchito ofukula zinthu zakale. A nambala yaikulu akatswiri European ndi mbiri yakale anayamba kuphunzira wakale mzinda mabwinja. Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba kubwezeretsa kwa mzinda. Apa akhamukira mapulani wotchuka (mwachitsanzo, Theophil Von Hansen ndi Leo Von Klenze), amene anamanganso misewu akuthamanga. Mu 1896 Athens ndinkakhala nalo woyamba makono Games Olympic.

Pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi, chifukwa cha pangano Greek-Turkey pa nzeru anthu mumzinda nabwera muno kuchokera m'mayiko akutali kwambiri. Mamiliyoni a Agiriki, kwa nthawi yoyamba anali kupita Athens. Udindo Hrs likulu analola kuika zambiri odzafuna malo.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anali mu Athens kanthawi kochepa ntchito German. Lero ndi European mzinda wamakono ndi zipilala zambiri za kale zomangamanga otukuka.

Nemnogno madera

Mzindawu unali pa mbalambanda chapakati cha Attica (kum'mwera kwa Balkan Peninsula), kufupi ndi Gulf wa Saroniks. Iye panopa akugwirizira pafupifupi m'chigwa lonse, kotero mzinda posachedwapa zidzasowa kukula chifukwa malire zachilengedwe a mapiri ndi madzi. Koma pamene mzinda wa kunja kwa likukula. Via Athens Kifisos loyenda mtsinje Eridanus ndi Pikrodafni.