Ndi dzina lachiwiri la Troy kodi?

Mbiri ya kugwa kwa Troy, poona ndi Odyssey sioneka, kudziwika kwa ife kuchokera maphunziro - osati pa mbiri ndi mabuku. Homer, mmodzi wa wamkulu zapamwamba zitsanzo, limafotokoza nkhani ya nkhondo zinachititsa kuti mzinda wamphamvu anawonongedwa, ndipo anthu ake - akuphedwa kapena kutengedwa ukapolo. dzina lina la Troy Agiriki - Ilion (choncho zoona, dzina ntchito wotchuka: "Iliad").

Nthano za chiyambi cha mzindawo

Malinga ndi nthano, mzinda anakhazikitsidwa matope - mfumu yoyamba ya Trojan ndi pedigree chidwi: mayi wake ndi nymph. Tsiku lina anapita ku machesi ndipo anagonjetsa iwo, mmalo kupeza chikho ndi mendulo akapolo makumi asanu a amuna ndi akazi, ndi (zodabwitsa) pa ng'ombe. The masomphenya anamuuza kuti amange mzinda kumene nyama chakhazikika - IL anachita.

Malinga ndi nthano, mu mawonekedwe a dalitso la milungu pakhomo la hema wacifumu za m'mwamba waponya fano matabwa a Athena. Kenako Il anamangidwa mu ulemu wa mulungu wa kachisi, ndipo kachisi analipo (ngakhale intermittently) kwa zaka zambiri.

Nthano ndi malingaliro sayansi

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mawu onena kuti dzina lachiwiri la Troy - Ilion, ndi nkhani ya sayansi, sichitsata ena. N'zoonekeratu kuti mzinda uwu chinali. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi nthano ndi Mbiri anansi, ndi deference kuti akudyetsedwa anthu izo zosiyanasiyana wakale (Aperisiya, mwachitsanzo). Zikuoneka kuti mzinda umenewu unali wamphamvu kwambiri ndi wolemera, koma olemba mbiri akadali kugawana Ilium a "Iliad" (kunena za m'dera mfundo zabodza ndiponso nkhani), ndipo mwachindunji ku mzinda alipodi kalelo.

Poyerekeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zikhoza kapadera kuti kuthetsa zinaoneka pafupifupi mu 3 Zakachikwi BC. Zikuonekeratu kuti deta odalirika pa malo ake enieni, moyo ndi zina zotero. D. Tsopano kovuta (ngati kosatheka). Makamaka mboni "anasokoneza za umboni," ndipo amayenera kupeza chakudya zina zikamera wa malingaliro atsopano.

malingaliro wofuna

Pali Mwachitsanzo, Baibulo malinga ndi zomwe Ilion - dzina lina la mzinda wa Troy, ndipo likulu lake (zoona, chifukwa Troy - boma). Magwero ena amati Ndipotu miyala angaloŵe, zitayimbidwa ndi Homer, sali kanthu koma Constantinople: kuti Mfumu Constantine anaganiza kuti amange "Rome latsopano" "pa malo Ilium wakale", amene ankaona malo amene adayambitsa City Wamuyaya (kumbukirani "Aeneid" Virgil). Kotero, likukhalira kuti dzina la makono a Troy - Istanbul? Mwina. Olemba ndi kungoganizira amabwerera pansi: Zikuoneka patapita nthawi anasintha maganizo ake ndi Constantine anasamukira likulu lake mopitirira za Byzantium wakale.

magwero ena kupanga maganizo oti, monga dzina lachiwiri la Troy - Ilion, ndi Yerusalemu - Elia (Elia, Ilion) Capitolina, zikuoneka kuti ali amodzi ndi mzinda womwewo, kungoti otchedwa pang'ono osiyana chifukwa chikhalidwe cha m'zilembo m'dera . Version penapake wofuna khalidwe, koma iye ali otsatira.

Choncho osachepera lingaliro wosangalatsa kuti dzina lina la Troy - Atlantis. Mfundo imeneyi walengezedwa kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo ndipo zochokera zina zofanana adayimba folklore a zikhalidwe zosiyana mitundu. Komabe, dziko la sayansi si kuseka pa mfundo imeneyi.

sayansi

Ngati tiyang'ana pa mfundo, inu munanena mayina awiri a Troy ndi yachokera wakale wa mafumu Mhiti. Njira imeneyi si mbiri ndi sayansi. Koma malinga ndi zolembedwa izi, izo sizinali chomwecho, ndi mizinda iwiri yosiyana. Koma kachiwiri: unanimity ngati panalibe ndipo palibe. Pomaliza, osati chakuti Ahiti wakale anatanthauza ndendende zomwe iwo amafuna kuwerenga ndi olemba mbiri amakono.

Ngakhale "chisokonezo ndi vacillation" mu dziko maphunziro, zotchuka kwambiri ndi Baibulo, umene umati:

• zochitika anafotokoza ntchito wakale, zachitika;

• dzina lina la mzinda wa Troy - Ilion;

• Inali chimodzimodzi kumene zisonga Homer ( "Iliad" ambiri ntchito m'malo mwatsatanetsatane - mndandanda limodzi lokha la zombo Greek ndi ofunika).

Wokonda za zinthu zofukulidwa

Pali zifukwa (ndipo ndithu) amakhulupirira kuti angaloŵe linga, kuwonekera mu ndakatuloyi wakale, anatulukira mu 1970 ndi katswiriyo Heinrich Schliemann wokonda. Magawo ena a anthu umafuna iye kukweza: osati chakuopa, ndikuti ayi, ngati chochitika ndi malo amafotokozedwa "Iliad" - zosaposa nthano, ndipo anapempha chilolezo kuti una ndipo ankaona kuda kuthetsa wakale pafupi ndi phiri Hissarlik, pa dera la Ottoman (tsopano! - Turkey).

Special Education Schliemann anali, koma iye anali zimakupiza mwaphamphu wolemba ndakatulo akhungu. Chifukwa Madzulo kuwerenga "The Iliad" mu mtima wa mwanayo ana aang'ono linalembedwa dzina la Troy: mwinamwake sikutheka pofotokoza mfundo yakuti wamalonda, bambo wa ana atatu, munthu salinso uja pofunafuna mumzinda, zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kulibe.

Wambiri ya katswiriyo a zofufuzafufuza - okonzeka script kwa Hollywood filimu: anabadwa mu banja la wansembe osauka, kumudzi pa Polish-German malire, Schliemann anapanga limati ochepa, anakumana ndi Zopatsa ambiri, anali mu Russia, anakwatira mkazi sakondedwa amene amusiya, atapita kufunafuna loto lake, ndinakumana ndi chilakolako latsopano: wamng'ono Greek mkazi Sofia. Zinali wokondeka mutu wake, zala ndi m'khosi chokongoletsedwa ndi akolona achifumu wapatali, mikanda ndi mphete opezeka zafukulidwa ndi. Oposa 10 000 zagolide! Zinali chuma chenicheni.

Gold - chinthu mdima ...

Tsoka kwa chuma ochepa bwinobwino. Schliemann anapereka apeza (onse kapena mbali, Mulungu amadziwa) mu Berlin Museum, kumene iwo ali bwinobwino, na ciyezezo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Pali malo amene akunena kuti, ngakhale golide anapezeka pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR mu Russia, kutanthauza kuti mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi boma (makamaka Hermitage) anapereka anthu amene anaona kutukuka kwa mzinda, adayimba ndi Homer kwambiri.

Schliemann anali mwayi kwambiri: atsale analephera. Koma tsopano pansi pa kutsutsa akulu: kwa zofukulidwa ikuchitika, tinene njira penapake woipitsitsawu. Pa njira kupeza wapatali wapeza Schliemann "anagwetsa" asanu (!) Zigawo Cultural akuluakulu akale, pafupifupi popanda kuzindikira, ndipo alibe ngakhale pansi "kwa mtima", ndipo anaima pa mlingo penultimate. Usanene chirichonse, "chabwino" ntchito.

Akatswiri kalavulagaga

Kenako ofukula (osati Amateurs ndi akatswiri), anapeza zigawo ochuluka monga naini alternated atumwi, mzinda lidagwa mu kuvunda, n'kutukuka - ndipo nthawi iliyonse wasiya chizindikiro chake m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Aegean.

Kumayambiriro kuli malo amenewa mwina anali ndi dzina lina mzinda Troy lokha 3 Zakachikwi BC. e. Pakadali sakanakhoza. Origin Culture wosanjikiza wapezeka ofukula ankaimira kuthetsa awiri mamita mahandiredi. Kwa nthawi, izo bwino ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri, m'malo wamphamvu dongosolo, yemwe anawonongedwa, amakhulupirira kuti ndi moto.

Schliemann zakale wosanjikiza anali motere, ndipo kunayamba lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Popeza kuti Trojan nkhondo, olemba mbiri amakono chibwenzi kutha kwa wachiwiri wapezeka sitingapeze homegrown katswiriyo zakale ikukhudzana bwanji ndi ngwazi za "Iliad", monga akulu zotchulidwa ndi zaka zosachepera chikwi. Koma "Troy lachiwiri" analidi adzawonongedwa pa nkhondo: lino, monga asayansi, zikusonyeza khalidwe la chiwonongeko.

Pa lotsatira zaka zisanu, mzinda Mosakayikira alibe katswiri. Asayansi apeza ngakhale wa chitukuko, koma sanapeze umboni wa kudzitsitsa. N'zokayikitsa kuti "chiwerengero Troy atatu, anayi ndi zisanu," unali mzinda chimodzimodzi waukulu adagwa kudzera kuchenjerera Odysseus - ikukhudzana bwanji ndi nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa Troy pa nambala sikisi asanu ndi choncho, zochitika amafotokozedwa "Iliad."

Zafukulidwa ndakufotokozerani zotsalira za lalikulu nyumba zokhalamo anamanga nthawi imeneyi, malinga mamita 4-5 wandiweyani. N'zoonekeratu kuti pakati pa zaka za 1800-1025 BC. e. wakale Ilion (ngati mukukhulupirirabe kuti ili ndi dzina lachiwiri la mzinda wa Troy) linatukuka nabvimbvinika amadyerera. Ndipo tiyeni makoma a Troy, nambala 6 si anawonongedwa ndi anthu okhalapo, ndi chibvomezi akatswiri a masiku ano timakonda kukhulupirira kuti nkhondo, zinachititsa mu citadel wamkulu anagwa, ananena kuti (1800-1250 gg.) Kapena lotsatira (1250-1025 gg.) M'nyengo .

Romance ndi zinthu zopweteka

Mu ulaliki ndakatulo ya chifukwa cha ngozi panali mkazi wokongola (ndipo ngati inu Udindo monga kugonana chofowoka, ngakhale yaikazi, si chimodzi, koma zinayi). Malinga ndi nthano, ndi Trojan kalonga Paris ndi (zimene ena mwangozi zachilendo, anali mbusa), anali atatu amphamvu wokhala Olympus: Aphrodite, Hera ndi Athena ndi pempho kudziwa okongola kwambiri a iwo.

Mnyamatayo osati kusankha, ndiyeno wamkazi anayamba kupereka zonse chivundi wabwino, zikuoneka anthu. Wina analonjeza mphamvu, munthu - bwino ntchito ya usilikali, ndiponso mulungu wa chikondi, malonjezo a mtima ndi yokongola kwambiri akazi.

Ndi mwangozi Kalanga, "ziphuphu" anakwatira mfumu wovutika, koma kuti sizinaimitse ngwazi. Iye kubedwa mkazi wa Menelaus, amene, mothandizidwa ndi ogwirizana, anayambitsa nkhondo bambo wa Paris, anazungulira mzinda wa Ilium (Troy dzina wachiwiri).

Amakayikira ofufuza zamakono zomwe amakhulupirira kuti chikondi mzere - zamkhutu: zambiri, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana anayamba ndalama ndi chikoka mu dera (ngati nthawi zonse). Nkhani mwachindunji wa milungu, palibe kuposa zopeka. Koma ku malongosoledwe a m'derali, "Iliad" ndi dongosolo moyo wa mzinda molondola kwambiri.

Ufumu wa m'maganizo

Mwina malongosoledwe ndi losavuta: pambuyo Troy nambala 7 anawonongedwa ndi nkhondo, pambuyo 2.5 m'ma izo nayambanso padziko Agiriki - nthawi iyi ntchito woona wa Homer. Sizinanditengere nthawi zambiri, zotsalira za mzinda wakale akhala ndi "watsopano". Wolemba epic anali kosavuta zomangira zopeka ku chenicheni, monga zotsatira za "zipolowe za chitukuko" anali naye, mukhoza kunena pamaso pa. Koma zinali zoona, sitingathe kudziwa.

Iyi ndi nkhani - gawo chabe, kwenikweni malo - mzinda, kumatikumbutsabe amene ukulu anapulumuka kuyamika waluntha wakale Agiriki. Ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti Ngati sikudali akhungu wolemba (amene Wolemba komanso mukayikire), n'kutheka kuti dzina loyamba ndi lachiwiri la Troy konse kumizidwa mu anaiwalika (kapena, pafupifupi, adzakhala chidwi yekha ku bwalo yopapatiza akatswiri) .

Mwamwayi, izo zinachitika mulimonse. Mzinda zazikulu ndi tsoka wake wachisoni kulamulira maganizo a anthu kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri. Inde ngakhale Troy sanachitepo, izo ndithudi akanayenera anatulukira.