Kapangidwe ka pepala, ndi akunja lamkati

Leaf - lateral vegetative mphukira ulamuliro. Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa zomera lonse, kapangidwe tsamba zoti kotero kuti akhoza atengere momwe zachilengedwe ziriri kwa kuchita ntchito zake - photosynthesis, evaporation ndi mpweya kuwombola, Guttation. Pepala zikhoza kusinthidwa ndi kukhala singano (monga conifers) kapena munga (cacti ndi barberry, etc.). Chotero kusintha kwa mbali akuwombera akuluakulu kuthandiza zomera kupulumuka mu mabacteria zosiyanasiyana nyengo.

Kapangidwe kunja pepala chimadalira pa mitundu mbewu. Choncho, kusiyanitsa yosavuta zovuta, ankatsatidwa, sessile masamba ndi momuzungulira. Pafupifupi onse mbali akuwombera akuluakulu awonjezera gawo - tsamba tsamba, kumene kungakhale olimba, kagawo, tsamba kapena kupatukana. The petiole, amene assimilating thupi yaikulu ndi Ufumuyo tsinde, ndipo mwina kwina palimodzi, ndiye kuti mndandanda "amangokhala" kapena beschereshkovy. Ngati lamina kwathunthu lazungulira monga phesi, izo entwine mbali akuwombera ulamuliro. Mu angiosperms ndi petioles masamba ndi kukhala stipules kuti kuteteza masamba achinyamata ndi masamba axillary.

Kapangidwe morphological wa pepala akusonyezanso pamaso mosiyanasiyana yosavuta zovuta. Mwachidule amatchedwa thupi waukulu assimilating zomera, ngati ali phesi ndi lumo tsamba, amene amagwa kwathunthu (mapulo, Lilac, msondodzi). Pawiri masamba ndi petiole 1 ndi masamba angapo tsamba kuti akhoza kugwera payekha (mtedza, mgoza, phulusa).

Kapangidwe mkati mwa pepala ndi zofanana zomera zonse. Leaf tsamba pamwamba ndi pansi ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa khungu, imene imagwiritsidwa khungu. Ena mwa zomera pa khungu chapamwamba tsitsi kungakhale, filimu-cuticle kapena waxy ❖ kuyanika. Awa onse ndi zipangizo chitetezo kuti kuteteza kutenthedwa, zilonda zamoto, madzi kwambiri evaporation. Chivundikiro nsalu zomera ambiri, ndi mbali pansi pa pepala wakhala slotted mipata - stomata, amene maselo awiri alonda. Pambuyo stomatal zida anayesedwa mpweya nthunzi ya madzi, monga kuthawa lateral thupi lokha ndi kunja.

Kapangidwe ma ya pepala limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa nsalu - ndi mesophyll, amene lagawidwa chofewa ngati siponji ndipo palisadnuyu (columnar) parenchyma. The mayunitsi structural minofu columnar muli nambala yaikulu chloroplasts, okhoza kusuntha yoposa dzuwa. maselo a pafupi kwambiri kukhudzana ndi mzake, ndi ku dzuwa awo. minofu chofewa ngati siponji aumbike mwa particles chiyambidwe cha moyo, kuti ndi mawonekedwe osasamba, wambirimbiri mankhwala intercellular ndi mwachisawawa kwambiri zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo okha. Pamafunika gawo, koma osati mwachangu monga pa palisade parenchyma, kuloŵerera, komanso kudzera mwa mpweya malo mpweya kuwombola amapezeka. Komanso mu pepala ndi mitsempha yomwe kutumikira monga nsupa, nawo kagayidwe. Ndi chifukwa iwo madzi ndi zinthu mchere umaperekedwa kwa kuthawa lateral maselo thupi, ndi zotuluka la pepala lenilenilo organic pawiri kupangidwa mu ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Ndipo mitsempha yaikulu amacheza ndi CHIKWANGWANI mitolo popangidwa ndi minofu makina ndipo amapereka tsamba la mphamvu.

Choncho, kapangidwe ka pepala ndi zovuta ndi chifukwa cha ntchito kuchitidwa ndi thupi ili - kuloŵerera, kuwombola mpweya, Guttation ndi evaporation. Komanso, pambali waukulu, pepala akhoza ntchito zina - chitetezo (spines), katundu ndi zipangizo (masikelo mababu) ndi vegetative kafalitsidwe.