Ndi mlingo odzipereka cheza chiyani?

Nkhaniyi khama mutu wa odzipereka cheza mlingo (ndi soni), ionizing cheza ndi mitundu. Lili nkhani zosiyanasiyana, chikhalidwe, gwero, njira ya masovedwe, gulu la muyeso wa odzipereka cheza mlingo ndi zambiri.

Lingaliro la mlingo odzipereka cheza

cheza mlingo - mtengo, amene ntchito ndi sayansi monga sayansi radiobiology, kuti kuwunika mmene ionizing cheza mtundu wa minofu ya zamoyo, njira zawo kagayidwe kachakudya, komanso mankhwala. Kodi akutchedwa mlingo odzipereka cheza, kodi phindu lake, maonekedwe ndi zotsatira za zosiyanasiyana? Makamaka izo zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a zimachitika pakati pa sing'anga ndi ionizing dzuwa, ndipo akutchedwa ionization kwenikweni.

Odzipereka mlingo wa poizoni ali njira yake ndi mayunitsi, ndi zovuta ndi zosiyanasiyana njira pansi cheza kupanga zosiyanasiyana mitundu odzipereka mlingo.

Ionizing mawonekedwe cheza

Ionizing cheza - mtsinje wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya particles pulayimale, photons kapena makombo kwaiye chifukwa cha fission nyukiliya ndipo lingathe kuyambitsa ionization wa thunthu. Ultraviolet poizoniyu, komanso mawonekedwe owoneka a kuwala kwa mtundu uwu wa poizoni sizikhudza, monga iwo sakuphatikizapo ndi cheza infuraredi panamveka ndi mtundu ndi wailesi zomangirazo, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo ka mphamvu sikokwanira kuti amange atomiki ndi maselo ionization mu chikhalidwe chachikulu.

Ionizing mtundu wa poizoni chikhalidwe chake ndi magwero

Mlingo odzipereka cheza ionizing angathe kuyeza mu mayunitsi zosiyanasiyana za SI, ndipo zimadalira chikhalidwe cheza cha. Mitundu zofunika kwambiri cheza: Popanga madzi a gamma cheza, particles beta ndi ma elekitironi, positrons, neutrons, amaayoni (kuphatikizapo particles Alpha), X-ray, mafunde mu atomu ndi lalifupi (photons mkulu mphamvu) ndi muon.

Nature ionizing magwero poizoniyu kukhala yosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, zokha zinachitika radionuclide kuwola khalidwe nyukiliya anachita danga la cheza mtundu radionuclides yokumba nyukiliya mathanki, accelerator wa particles pulayimale, ndipo ngakhale zida anafuna X-ray.

Kodi kukhudzana ndi cheza ionizing

Malinga limagwirira imene nthumwi kucheza ndi cheza ionizing, akhoza olekanitsidwa particles mwachindunji mlandu ikuyenda mtundu ndi cheza anagwira ayi, mwa kulankhula kwina, ndi fotoni kapena purotoni mtengo, particles ndale ikuyenda. mapangidwe chipangizo amalola kusankha chachikulu ndi mawonekedwe yachiwiri ya ionizing cheza. Odzipereka mlingo wa poizoni anatsimikiza malinga ndi mtundu wa poizoni umene thunthu pansi pa Mwachitsanzo, zimakhudza mphamvu zothandiza mlingo kunyezimira kwa mlengalenga padziko lapansi, kunja pa chivundikiro, ndi 0,036 mSv / h. Tiyeneranso kumvetsetsa kuti mtundu ndi mlingo muyeso-soni ndi mlingo umadalira pa mtengo wa zinthu zingapo, kulankhula kunyezimira kwa dziko, izo zimatengera mtundu geomagnetic ufulu ndi udindo kuzungulira khumi chaka ntchito dzuwa.

Ionizing tinthu mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera angapo zizindikiro zana EV ndipo wafika zizindikiro 10 ^15-20 elekitironi volts. Kutalika njira ndi luso malowedwe mwina zimasiyanasiyana, ndi osiyanasiyana monga micrometers angapo zikwi makilomita kapena zambiri.

Familiarization ndi padzuwa mlingo

ionization zotsatira imatengedwa ndi njira zofunika khalidwe la mogwirizana ndi kuunika malo. Mu nthawi yoyamba ya mapangidwe cheza dosimetry ali makamaka anaphunzira ndipo anapereka, mafunde mu atomu yomwe kugona mu ultraviolet index pakati ndi Popanga madzi a gamma poizoni chifukwa chakuti ndi ambiri kufalitsa mu mlengalenga. Choncho, kachulukidwe muyezo munda cheza ndi mlingo wa mpweya ionization. Izi muyeso maziko a chilengedwe cha padzuwa mlingo anatsimikiza mtima ionization mpweya opanikizika yachibadwa mumlengalenga, mpweya yokha ayenera kukhala wouma.

Ndinakumana cheza odzipereka mlingo akutumikira kudziwa maluso a ionizing cheza cha X-ray ndi Popanga madzi a gamma-ray chowala mapulogalamu mphamvu amene adapirira kutembenuka anakhala mphamvu kayendedwe wa particles mlandu kulemera chiwerengero cha mpweya wa mlengalenga.

Unit ya muyeso wa odzipereka cheza mtundu mlingo kukhudzana - ndi m'khosi SI chigawo akufufuta makilogalamu (C / kg). Ngati wosokonezeka-dongosolo wagawo - X-ray (R). m'khosi chimodzi / kg lolingana 3876 X-ray.

adsorbed kuchuluka

Mlingo odzipereka kwa soni-monga tanthauzo lomveka bwino, izo zakhala zofunika kwa munthu mogwirizana ndi zosiyanasiyana zotheka kukhudzana cheza pa minofu ya zamoyo ndipo ngakhale nyumba zopanda moyo. Anatsegula kudziwika osiyanasiyana mitundu ndi ionizing-soni anasonyeza kuti mlingo wa chikoka ndiponso momwe mukhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana ndi kosamugonjera tanthauzo mwachizolowezi. Kungadzutse kusintha mankhwala ndi thupi mu minofu ndi thunthu pansi walitsa, ndikanakhoza kokha zochepa mphamvu odzipereka ionizing mtundu cheza. Kuchuluka chofunika kuyamba kusintha zimatengera mtundu wa poizoni. Odzipereka mlingo-soni ndi chifukwa chake ichi. Ndipotu, phindu ili mphamvu yomwe pansi unit mayamwidwe ndi thunthu limafanana ndi choyimira cha ionizing wa mphamvu chosakanikirana ndi kulemera kwa mutu kapena chinthu chimene zimatenga cheza.

Muyeso odzipereka mlingo ntchito unit imvi (Gy) - mbali ya chitetezo cha SI. imvi imodzi - ndi kuchuluka kwa mlingo kuti akhoza kusamutsa joule imodzi ionizing cheza 1 kilogalamu kulemera. Wokondwa - kuchokera-dongosolo unit wa muyeso wa kufunika 1 Gy limafanana 100 rad.

The odzipereka mlingo zamoyo

Amapanga walitsa nyama ndi zomera zimakhala poyera kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dzuwa, pamene pa yomweyo chosakanikirana mlingo akhoza mosiyana bwanji thupi ndi njira zonse kwachilengedwenso ndi mankhwala zikuchitika m'menemo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kuchuluka kwa ayoni kwaiye kuunika ndi tinthu katundu. Pakuti njira yomweyo pamodzi purotoni pa ayoni minofu angalenge kuposa elekitironi ndi. The particles lolemererapo zinapezedwa ionization, mphamvu adzakhala cheza cha Imakhudzira thupi, pansi pa yomweyo chosakanikirana mlingo. Izo ndi molingana ndi zodabwitsazi, kusiyana mu mphamvu amadza chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana cheza kwa minofu, wakhala anayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zoti ofanana mlingo. Chofanana odzipereka cheza mlingo - ndi deta cheza analandira mwa chizindikiro thupi masamu ndi kuchulukitsa mlingo chosakanikirana ndi koyefishienti makamaka, wotchedwa koyefishienti wa wachibale mogwira kwachilengedwenso (RBE). Koma ngati nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chinthu khalidwe.

Unit wa odzipereka cheza mlingo wofanana mtundu amayezedwa SI, ndicho mu sievert (sv). Mmodzi sv ndi wofanana ndi mlingo chogwirizana cheza chirichonse chimene chosakanikirana ndi kilogalamu imodzi anachokera ku zinthu ndi minofu amachititsa zotsatira ofanana 1 Gy cheza padzuwa la mtundu fotoni. Rem - ntchito ngati extrasystematic kuyeza chizindikiro kwachilengedwenso (lofanana) a mlingo odzipereka. 1 sv limafanana ndi beram zana.

Zothandiza mawonekedwe mlingo

Ogwira mlingo - muyezo wa kufunika, amene ntchito ngati muyeso wa chiopsezo zotsatira losatha kukhudzana anthu, ziwalo munthu wa thupi ku minofu ndi kutha akuluakulu. Izi amaganizira radiosensitivity ake payekha. The odzipereka cheza mlingo wofanana ndi mankhwala a mlingo kwachilengedwenso mbali zina za thupi pa koyefishienti masekeli.

Various zimakhala anthu ndi ziwalo zosiyana cheza chiwopsezo. Ena matupi akhoza pa mtengo wina wofanana odzipereka mlingo chizindikiro pansi ayenera yatsoka ndi khansa kuposa ena, mwachitsanzo, mpata wa matenda a chithokomiro ndi wocheperako kusiyana mu mapapo. Chifukwa anthu ntchito anakhazikitsa chiopsezo chinthu cheza. CRE - ndi njira kudziwa mlingo-soni ndi zikhudze chiwalo kapena minofu. Chidule amalimbikitsa chikoka pa chamoyo ndi mlingo ogwira kuchita masamu ndi kuchulukitsa chiwerengero lolingana mlingo kwachilengedwenso CRC limba yeniyeni, zimakhala.

Lingaliro la mlingo losonkhanitsidwa

Pali mfundo mayamwidwe a mlingo wa gulu kuti ndi Uwerenge mfundo munthu wa kuchuluka kwa mlingo bwino gulu lapadera la nkhani kwa nthawi winawake wa nthawi. Asayansi angathe kukhala kwa midzi ina iliyonse, mpaka m'mayiko kapena mayiko. Pakuti pafupifupi izi kuchulukitsa ndi mlingo bwino ndi chiwerengero cha nkhani poyera kuti poizoniyu. index otere anayeza odzipereka mlingo ntchito munthu sievert (sv pers.).

Kuwonjezera mitundu pamwamba pa mlingo odzipereka, wosiyana kachiwiri, kommitmentnuyu, pakhomo, pamodzi, kuteteza, malire, ndi kwachilengedwenso mlingo nyutironi Popanga madzi a gamma mtundu cheza-woopsa osachepera.

Zotsatira za mlingo ndi wagawo

walitsa mwamphamvu chizindikiro - m'malo mlingo yeniyeni cheza mchikakamizo cha ena a unit nthawi chingwe. Khalidwe limeneli ndi chibadidwe kusiyana mlingo (lofanana odzipereka neri Al.) Tinali ndi unit nthawi. Pali ambiri mwambo cholinga mayunitsi.

Odzipereka mlingo wa poizoni anatsimikiza ndi chilinganizo ndi abwino mtundu wa odzipereka cheza kuchuluka cheza cha (zamoyo odzipereka, chionetserocho, etc.). Pali njira zambiri kuwerengetsa iwo mfundo zosiyana masamu, ndipo ntchito mayunitsi osiyana kayesedwe. Zitsanzo mayunitsi muyeso ndi:

1. Yofunika mawonekedwe - Gray-kilogalamu mu dongosolo SI amayezedwa rad-magalamu.
2. Lofanana mtundu - sievert mu dongosolo SI chimaonekera - mu rems.
3. Ndinakumana mtundu - m'khosi-kilogalamu mu dongosolo SI chimaonekera - mu X-ray.

Pali muyeso mayunitsi ena lolingana mitundu ina ya odzipereka cheza mlingo.

anapezazo

Kusanthula nkhani zimenezi, tingaone kuti pali mitundu, ndi onse ionizing-soni ndi mawonekedwe a imakhudzira chikhazikitso cha zinthu zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo. Onse anayeza, monga ulamuliro, mu mayunitsi SI, ndi mtundu uliwonse limafanana ndi dongosolo ena ndipo sanali dongosolo chingwe unit. Gwero la izo zikhoza kukhala zosiyanasiyana ndithu, zonse achibadwa ndi kupanga, ndi cheza lenilenilo amasewera yofunika kwachilengedwenso ntchito.