Amene ankamanga mapiramidi? Zinsinsi za Ancient chitukuko

Pafupifupi aliyense wa anthu masiku ano kamodzi pa moyo wanu ndikudabwa za amene kapena amene thandizo anamangapo manda kwambiri mbiri, zipangizo, zipangizo ndiponso makina ntchito mu ndondomeko ya ntchito yomanga makolo athu ndipo ngati mayankho a zinsinsi za mapiramidi wakale?

Kuyamba, chinthu choyamba timapereka kuti ayanjane ndi ena mfundo yomweyo mu mbiri, komanso maganizo a anthu osiyana.

Kodi piramidi?

Kumbali ya mapulani sayansi piramidi - dongosolo kuti ndi polyhedron, kawirikawiri ndi nkhope zinayi triangular. Mtundu wa mtundu uwu dongosolo anatumikira monga m'manda (mausoleums), akachisi kapena zipilala chabe.

History mapiramidi akuyamba kuwerenga pafupifupi 3 Zakachikwi BC. Ndi nambalazo kusokoneza azambiriyakale ambiri. Ndi kukhulupirira kuti mtundu wa zida zapamwamba ntchito pa nthawi imene ana a ena a iwo akugwirabe nyama ndi kusonkhana, ndilo khalidwe la mlingo wosazindikira chitukuko.

asayansi amakono apeza mfundo zingapo zofunika ndende za mapiramidi wakale.

Egypt

Ndi palibe chinsinsi kuti "dziko la mapiramidi" - dzina lachiwiri la Egypt. A fanizo lofanana bwino choyenerera. N'kumene piramidi oyamba ku dziko zinamangidwa. Iwo ali mu Giza Plateau, pa dera la manda wakale.

Nthawi yathu ife anapulumuka chabe mapiramidi ochepa ku Egypt. Izi piramidi wa Cheops, Chephren ndi Mycerinus. Malinga ndi asayansi, pamaso pawo, pali zambiri.

Great Piramidi akuti ndi ofunika kwambiri, chifukwa - piramidi yaitali. Yokhala, izo chimatengedwa ngati cimodzi za zozizwa za mdziko. kutalika kwake ndi mamita 147, amene angafanane ndi kutalika kwa zisanu khumi nyumba. Mbali m'munsi, kenako, ndi kutalika za 230 meters. Area yomanga makilomita lalikulu 50.

Kukula kwa Piramidi Yaikuluyo kamodzi chidwi ndi Napoleon kwambiri. Malinga ndi mawu ake, mibulu ya mwala, njira imene mapiramidi Aigupto zinamangidwa, adzakhala okwanira kwathunthu amuzungulire France atatu mita khoma.

piramidi Khafre atamangidwa ngati manda mwana wake Cheops. kukula kwake ndi pang'ono zosakwana imodzi yapita.

Tikumbukenso kuti zikuchokera maliro zovuta, mosiyana ndi mapiramidi ena, monga wotchuka Great masinfikisi. Malinga ndi nthano ina, maso ndi masinfikisi imeneyi kwa phiri Kailash, imene mkati, malinga ndi nkhani zakale, wakuthwa nzeru zachinsinsi.

Menkaure piramidi imatengedwa kukhala laling'ono ndi "mnyamata". kutalika kwake ndi mamita 62 m'litali mwa mbali ndi wofanana ndi kutalika bwalo la mpira. Pali nkhambakamwa kuti pamaso piramidi anali pang'ono, kuyambira nyumba ija inali yokutidwa ndi akalowa anapanga ofiira lubwe, umene mwina atayika chifukwa cha matenda a Mamelukes. Pomanga mapiramidi ku Egypt Farao Menkura analamula ntchito zidutswa za miyala, kukula ndi yokulirapo kuposa mapiramidi a Khufu ndi Khafre. Iye analola antchito kusamalira mwala ndi sitisamala. chakuti mfumu ankafuna kumaliza manda aphedwe, ndi m'zonse anayesa kufulumizitsa ndondomeko yomanga. Komabe, asanafike itha Menkur ndi sakanakhoza kupulumuka.

Mesopotamia

Zingaoneke, ku Mesopotamia ku Iguputo si kutali, zikhalidwe yomanga ndi zipangizo ndi pafupi zofanana, choncho kufupi ndi zomangamanga iwo makamaka sayenera zosiyanasiyana. Koma apo icho chinali.

mapiramidi Mesopotamiya ndi malo apadera kulambira - ziggurats (anawamasulira ku Babulo "phiri"). Kunja dongosolo lawo akufanana mapiramidi Igupto, koma mosiyana iwo, milingo nsanja yaitali ya kachisi chikugwirizana ndi masitepe ndi Mphepete mwa khoma, nayenso, limbikitsa atsogoleri wapadera (wofatsa akuluakulu), zimene zinachititsa kuti kachisi.

Mbali ina ya nyumbayi nsanja yaitali ya kachisi - mzere wosweka makoma, anapanga mothandizidwa ndi zolosera.

Kukachitika kuti chofunika pamaso pomanga mipata zenera, zilengedwa, kawirikawiri pamwamba pa khoma. Zinaimira kudula yopapatiza.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu a Mesopotamia ziggurats osati ntchito ngati nyumba kuikidwa pa malo amene sanaone ubale pakati pa kuteteza thupi la akufa, kupeza iwo mu dziko chosafa, monga anachitira Aigupto akale.

Sudan

Panthawiyo, mafumu Sudanese anatsitsimuka zakale Aigupto, kugwirizana ndi ntchito mapiramidi malo m'manda a olamulira dziko.

Mokulira chikhalidwe cha Ancient Egypt ndi Sudan anali kumagwirizana. Choncho, zinthu zambiri zofanana ndipo anali zomangamanga.

Mu Sudan wakale, panali mitundu zotsatirazi mapiramidi: Ndondomeko tingachipeze powerenga (pa maziko a nyumba ya Aigupto) ndi mastaba woboola pakati truncated piramidi. Mosiyana, Aiguputo nyumba Sudanese ndi steeper otsetsereka.

Mapiramidi otchuka ndi akatswiri a zinthu zakale mumzinda wa Meroe. Mu theka lachiwiri la zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, likulu pano, amene anadzakhala likulu la chikhalidwe chawo ndi chipembedzo cha boma anagwidwa.

Asayansi masiku ano Meroe anayesedwa mapiramidi zingapo anasunga kuti masiku athu. Mu 2011, nyumba izi pofukula anatiika anatchedwa World Heritage chipilala.

Nigeria

Malingana ndi mwambo wa mapiramidi anali anamangidwa mu ulemu wa mulungu Ala. anthu ankakhulupirira kuti kukhudzana ndi mulungu akhoza mwa nyumba. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti pamwamba pa piramidi basi malo ake.

Official kutsegula zomangamanga achipembedzo deta anatenga malo okha mu 30s Mu zaka zapitazo. Kenako, katswiriyo wotchuka Jones anatenga zithunzi ochepa a mapiramidi kwa mbiri yanu (koma iwo zinatuluka zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu kenaka).

Malinga ndi iye, dongosolo la Nigeria zinamangidwa kale kwambiri kuposa mapiramidi ku Egypt, ndi kuti chitukuko m'dera ndi wamkulu kuposa ena ambiri. Mwatsoka, mapiramidi anapulumuka mu m'malo kuthamanga-pansi chikhalidwe.

Mexico

Kuyambira kale, dziko la anthu anthu amene olemba mbiri amakono amanena nthano olemera ndi cholowa chikhalidwe - Aaziteki.

Ngakhale zinali kundiyendera chitukuko kunayamba zaka XIV-XVI, mapiramidi Aztec zinamangidwa kale. Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka Piramidi ya Sun, amene ali malo wachitatu mu dziko kukula ndi mamita asanu okha pansipa manda a Cheops, malinga ndi ziwerengero azambiriyakale, inamangidwa kuzungulira BC 150th.

Mapiramidi a Teotihuacan, nayenso ankaona khama yaikulu kuzindikira wosatha wodala enaake.

Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, mapiramidi Aztec anali katswiri kukutsogolerani amene kuwala anali kuitana onse ofunitsitsa kulawa loto mfulu. Akukhulupirira kuti mzinda wa Teotihuacan anali atanganidwa ndi dongosolo mosalekeza. Komabe, chikondi ndi mgwirizano sikusokoneza otaya magazi a anthu pa masamba nkhanza ndi akuchitirana nkhanza. Aliyense Aaziteki osafunika mwankhanza kuphedwa ndi kupereka nsembe kwa milungu.

Piramidi, kumene ndendende anali nsembe zimenezi anali zina zofanana ndi ziggurats Mesopotamiya Iwo analinso "analowa" mawonekedwe, anali nawo ndiziwunda (iye anali mmodzi yekha yopita ku kapangidwe pamwamba kwambiri).

Mwatsoka, onse mapiramidi wa Aaziteki anatha kupulumuka chifukwa masiku ano. Ambiri a iwo anawonongedwa pa nkhondo ya m'gawo la Mexico wa colonizers European, kukuchitika m'zaka XVI.

China

Ndithudi, ena owerenga kuona wakuti ichi, ndinadabwa. Ndipotu, pafupifupi salankhula kapena kulemba za mapiramidi Chinese.

asayansi pali za zana mitengo imeneyi. Iwo ankagwira ntchito ngati manda manda a mafumu a achepetse wotchuka Chinese. Mawonekedwe a piramidi anali truncated mawonekedwe (komanso Sudanese lonse). Chifukwa maonekedwe a nyama amderali, kumanga lalikulu natenga maonekedwe ndi phiri tchire.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti magwero a mapiramidi. chakuti magwero olembedwa, zapakati za zana lachisanu BC, kumanga wakhala amatchedwa "lakale". Kodi mapiramidi anaonekera kale kwambiri kuposa nthawi ya kulemba? Kuyenera anazindikira kuti anthu sadziwa nkomwe za izo kale. Kuphunzira zambiri za nyumba, monga anachita ku Iguputo, kovuta kuti: zofukulidwa pa kumadera iwo ili, nthawi zambiri zoletsedwa ndi makonsolo.

North America

M'zaka za m'ma XI, pamene mu Europe anali Sipadzakhalanso nkhondo kutsidya lina la Chigawo, mu Mississippi Valley, mwamtendere kukhala ndi bwino Indian chitukuko. Mwamsanga anamanga okha nyumba, kukhala zomangamanga.

Komanso, Amwenye wakale chizolowezi kumanga chitunda wapadera, kudera la makumi za angapo mabwalo a mpira. Apa iwo anachita pafupifupi chilichonse: chikondwerero maholide unachitika achipembedzo, zamtunduwu zochitika, etc. Nthawi zambiri anthu anali n'chodabwitsa ndi n'chodabwitsa monga (manda) ... Mmodzi wa ndende yaikulu ndi Cahokia - gulu ongokhala 109 barrows. Komanso anatchedwa World Heritage chipilala.

Amene ndi chifukwa iwo akadali anamanga?

Pa nkhani imeneyi anthu kukanda mitu yawo kwa zaka zapitazi ambiri. Ndi chodziwikiratu kuti munthu adzatha kukumbukira chakuti pomanga mapiramidi pa msinkhu kumene anachita anthu akale, ngakhale lero ndithu ndondomeko zovuta, anapatsidwa njira zamakono ndi matekinoloje. Kodi Mwachitsanzo, Aiguputo anakokera zidutswa za miyala yolemera matani 7-10 kutalika kwa khumi ndi nyumba, ndi mmene iwo anali angakonze iwo mwangwiro (nthawi zina pakati midadada neskreplonnymi simungathe ngakhale Finyani tsamba)?

Panopa, pali maganizo ambiri ndi malingaliro amene kwambiri ndithu.

I. The kuli kwambiri pratsivilizatsii

Tonse ankaganiza kuti anthu lero - ndipo kwambiri ŵakusanga wokhalapo, nthawi zina ndi nkhani yokha Amayi Nature, ndi zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo, anthu anali mbuli, moyo kupeza zosowa zawo achikale. Komabe, anthu ochepa ankaganiza kuti kamodzi dziko kale chitukuko chotero, ndi msinkhu wake mkulu wa nzeru ndi luso. Mwina iwo ankadziwa zinthu zambiri lero kuti ife kachiwiri lotseguka?

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, chitukuko ichi chingakhale Atlanteans, amene mwina ankamanga mapiramidi ntchito kuwerengedwa umisiri ena kapena kuthandiza kuchita izo.

Malinga ndi wina, mtundu anapeza mwamsanga atengere luso ntchito analipo koma linatha chitukuko patsogolo.

Baibulo lina ali kuti anthu akale (mofanana Aiguputo) okha ali pa mlingo mwachilungamo mkulu wa chitukuko maganizo ndi mawu a sayansi.

Zonsezi zitha kutsutsa choona - m'mipukutu yakale sanatchulepo ojambula supercivilization iliyonse.

II. mlendo kulowelera

Chiphunzitsochi za chiyambi cha mapiramidi ndi ambiri ndi kukambirana. Malinga ndi iye, maofesi osiyanasiyana kuti anthu athandiza kumanga oimira mitundu zakuthambo.

Kuyamba, tiyeni kumvetsa chifukwa mwadzidzidzi alendo ochokera m'mlengalenga (ngati iwo kwenikweni zinachitikadi) kuthandiza underdeveloped pa nthawi imene anthu a dziko pomanga mapiramidi?

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, yomanga anatumikira monga mamembala a chitukuko zakuthambo monga gwero mphamvu zovuta kuzimvetsa kwa anthu, kapena ngati mkhalapakati kulankhulana pakati pa maplaneti (ndipo apa zimachitika chachilendo mawonekedwe piramidi monga yomanga mapulani lonse).

Pali chiphunzitso china. Iwo kwagona kuti anthu akale, akubwera mu kukhudzana ndi alendo amgwire iwo milungu.

Kodi alendo, umisiri, ndipo "magaleta a moto" anali nambala yaikulu mwayi kuposa amuna ndi ntchito anatchula oimira mitundu patsogolo thandizo pankhani monga pomanga mapiramidi.

Asayansi-ufologists ambiri amene ali ndi chidwi mu funso la amene ankamanga mapiramidi, ali ndi chidwi ndi ubwenzi pakati pa malo a mapiramidi ndi mapu a nyenyezi. Iwo amaona kuti izi kugwirizana mwachindunji, chifukwa Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka zovuta za Giza ku Egypt, amene tinawalalikira lero, limafanana ndi nyenyezi zitatu lalikulu ili mu kuwundana wa Orion. Mwina pa mtima m'banja n'chakuti kuwundana uyu anali wa ophiphiritsa chikhalidwe Aiguputo: izo zinkayimira mulungu Osirisi - mmodzi wa milungu chofunika kwambiri Ancient Egypt.

Koma mwamsanga pamene pali funso lina: chifukwa mayina a milungu Aiguputo kugwirizana ndi nyenyezi? Malinga ndi akatswiri chomwecho, mwina linali ena kugwirizana pakati zomwezi "milungu" ndi pokhala pao pawo.

Monga umboni wina wa pamaso pa alendo pa Dziko Lapansi zingachititse zosiyanasiyana zithunzi, chimene chimafotokoza mabwalo zachilendo, zolengedwa zina humanlike. Otchulidwa Chiwerengerochi, munthu weniweni kapena izo mankhwala a wamasomphenya ziboliboli?

Ndi kutchula wakale mipukutu Aigupto amene amanena za ena nkhondo milungu wamphamvu ofunika. Kodi kapena amene anthu amulungu, kodi nkhondo imeneyi, ngati lilipo kwenikweni kapena izo nthano lowoneka? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa akhala m'manda ku anaiwalika.

III. chiphunzitso amakayikira

Malinga ndi izo, mtundu anamanga piramidi awo a dziko. Malinga ndi asayansi amene amakhulupirira mfundo imeneyi, anthu adzakhala zolimbikitsa zokwanira kumanga nyumba amenewa: tiganizira achipembedzo, kufuna ntchito kupeza ndalama kuli, chilakolako kuima mu mawu a zomangamanga wapadera.

Wolemba mbiri yakale Herodotus anali woyamba Greek Katswiri amene m'mabuku ake anatha kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mapiramidi zotchuka Giza. Malinga ndi iye, chifukwa pa ntchito yomanga maofesi a mtundu uwu mu nthawi yochepa (monga mafotokozedwe, yomanga nthawi ya piramidi imodzi kawirikawiri zaka 15-20) kunali koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zikwi zana chimodzi antchito.

Iwo saganizira ufulu ntchito ya akapolo ndi akaidi ankhondo amene anafa pomanga zikwi matenda, njala ndi ludzu, ntchito mumamva, eni mkwiyo. Mosiyana, stonemasons, mapulani, omanga analandira ndalama zimene ankamanga mapiramidi wakale.

Pomanga mapiramidi angathe kuonedwa ndi anthu wamba wamba. Zimenezi akhoza kutenga maonekedwe a mtundu wa utumiki ntchito, kuti, anthu omwewo otchedwa ntchito patapita nthawi zina za nthawi (mwina kamodzi pa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri kwa nthawi ya masabata ochepa). Choncho, Aigupto anali kuchichita mosabvuta ndi zosinthika mphamvu ntchito.

N'zotheka kuti mwa antchito nawo pomanga mapiramidi, ikuchitika ngati "mpikisano", opambana amene anatsimikiza mtima kuchuluka kwa ntchito anachita monga gulu komanso aliyense payekha, ubwino wake, ndi zina zotero. D. Anthu amene angaime pakati ena, ankalandira zolimbikitsa zosiyanasiyana.

Monga umboni wa chiphunzitso Herodotus 'zingachititse antchito angapo kuikidwa ndi mapulani anapeza zinthu zakale pa zofukulidwa, komanso ndiziwunda pafupi piramidi yosatha, amene ayenera kukwera mwala atilakwira. Kwa manda omwewo Tingaone, ndi zovuta inali ntchito yomanga nyumba ya ntchito nthawi. mapeto izi zikhoza kutheka ndi kufufuza zotsalira za anthu akale: kuda zambiri za fractures anachiritsidwa anapezeka pa mafupa awo.

Komanso, zigawo zikuluzikulu chipangizo, omwe angakhale ndi zinachitika wa zamakono apezeka wa Kireni a. N'zokayikitsa kuti pomanga mapiramidi msanga ndiponso mosavuta monga mwa ntchito njira imeneyi. N'kutheka kuti pali zipangizo zina zambiri.

Otsutsawa ndi maganizo ena pa ntchito yomanga njira ya mapiramidi.

Kuti ayambe kukambirana ndi gawo loyamba la mtundu uwu wa zomera - kupanga nyumba zingatipunthwitse. Iwo chatsimikiziridwirapo mwasayansi kuti anthu amene ankamanga mapiramidi, monga zipangizo zofunika ntchito "zofewa" miyala komanso olimba lubwe, quartzite ndi basalt. Komabe, maganizo momwe anayamba kumanga angapo kulekanitsidwa.

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, chipika m'zigawo zinachitikadi mu maenje wapadera, zomwe zili pafupi malo kumene piramidi anamanga. The sangathe chiphunzitso ndi kuti ntchito quarries izi zikanati yekha kusokoneza njira yomanga, ndi mayunitsi zoyendera adzapanga ndondomeko kosathandiza.

kungoganizira lina limati: chipika castings amapangidwa pamalo kuchokera anajambulapo konkire. anthu ake amakhulupirira kuti anthu amene ankamanga mapiramidi, anathanso kupanga kasakaniza konkire yolimba osiyana. Komabe, pali otsutsa chiphunzitso cha yomanga nyumba yakale. Iwo amanena maganizo awo, kunena za mfundo kuti m'madera ena, komwe mapiramidi zinamangidwa ambiri, kungoti alibe zinthu zofunikira kuti akonze binder konkire njira.

Ponena za malingaliro kusuntha midadada, ndi ponena apa kuti maganizo akatswiri 'zidzasankhidwa ofunika.

Ambiri pankhaniyi mabuku a mayunitsi zojambula. Monga umboni wa mfundo imeneyi, mmodzi mwa anthu olemba mbiri otchuka pa murals ku Iguputo, kumene amuna za zana ndi makumi asanu linasonyeza kukoka kwa chipilala Dzhehutihotepa II. Pankhaniyi, ogwira ntchito yapadera tirigu-scraper. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti skids awo, otchulidwa mural ndi, anathira madzi, zomwe zikuoneka kuti akhala kuchepetsa mikangano ndi atsogolere ndondomekoyi. amanena ali ndi ufulu kukana chakuti ndondomeko ndi nthawi ndithu yambiri ndi chodziwikiratu kuti anthu amene ankamanga mapiramidi, akanati akhale wokhoza kuchita mwamsanga.

chiphunzitso china mukufotokoza - kugwiritsa ntchito anthu akale zosiyanasiyana njira. Wotchuka zipangizo Wonenedwa ali otchedwa "wa mchikuta" limagwirira, lalikulu gudumu luso (ntchito misewu wapadera), limbikitsa mkati, ndi zina zotero. Pa. Koma, mu maganizo a ambiri, matekinoloje sanali koma panthawiyo.

Polongosola mwachidule

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, Ndizachidziwikire kuti funso la amene ankamanga mapiramidi ndi cholinga chawo chachikulu anakhalabe zogwirizana nthawi zonse. Motero n'kutheka kuti anthu sadzakhalapo tikupeza. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zonse zimapita mu anaiwalika: mipukutu, frescoes, zojambula. Ndipo izi magwero mbiri masiku awa ndi zina pang'ono.

Zoonekeratu n'chakuti zinsinsi za mapiramidi konse munthu osayanjanitsika.