Lamulo Hammurabi, kapena woyamba olembedwa gwero la malamulo

The wamkulu gwero la malamulo akuti ndi chilamulo cha Hammurabi, kapena m'malo akonzedwa wa iwo, okhudza moyo wa Babulo wakale anthu. Tidapeza kuti inali imodzi mwa Maulendo zinthu zakale zimene zinapezedwa m'gawo la Mesopotamia, pakati pa lodziwika bwino Tigirisi ndi Firate. ofukula French kuti ntchito ku Susa, mmodzi wa mizinda yakale yomwe ili ku Iraq. anapezazo anali chidwi: zinthu za chikhalidwe chuma, ambiri mapale ndi zolembedwa mwanjira yachinsinsi, ziwiya. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali wapadera nkhani - wakuda basalt chipilala kutalika mamita 2,25. The mmunsi anali zophimbidwa ndi zilembo zakale. Chapamwamba wokometsedwera chifaniziro cha mulungu Shamash dzuwa. Iye anapatsa ena mayina munthu zobvala zachifumu.

Pezani anali kuwapititsa ku Paris, France, mu Museum National ya Louvre. Ofufuzawa yomweyo analowa Mikwatulo, kumvetsa ndi zolemba mwachinsinsi. Inali ntchito zodabwitsa za luso ndi nthawi yomweyo azikumbukira malamulo akale, ikutchedwa ndi "malamulo a Babulo mfumu Hammurabi."

Kodi loya ameneyu? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tiyenera kuyang'ana pa mapu ndale derali. Mu zoyambirira za m'ma XVIII. BC Mesopotamia mwiniyo mizinda yambiri, zimene zimachizidwa kupikisana wina ndi mzake. Hammurabi United States izi mu amodzi wosakwatiwa, siyani infighting anasankha Babulo likulu lake. Pofuna centralize mphamvu yake, pamafunika akonzedwa yake malamulo ndi mchikhalidwe. Iyi ndi nkhani ya Hammurabi, ndipo kodi mfundo zawo?

Loya, amene anali m'manja mwa mfumu ya Shamash, wapangidwa ndi oyamba, nkhani (chiwerengero cha amene ali wofanana 282) ndipo mapeto. Kulakwila iwo ankaona chotsutsana mulungu, kotero analangidwa kwambiri. Hammurabi ya Babulo anali kupereka mtendere, chilungamo ndi kutukuka. Nkhani inalembedwa mu mawonekedwe casuistic, ndiye iwo sakufotokoza malamulo onse ndipo milandu yeniyeni ya moyo.

Hammurabi ankati gulu la anthu mu zonse ndi wosiyana. Pa mlandu chomwecho iwo anachita zosiyana. boma ntchito kapolo, ndi munthu mwathunthu yozungulira ankavutika ndi chifuniro cha mbuye wake. Komabe, kapolo angakhale ndi munda wake, banja ndipo ngakhale kulowa wotuluka boma. Hammurabi ntchito mapangidwe chuma payekha, koma zonse ubale boma ndi banja, chibadwa.

Zinali zosangalatsa ndi mfundo kuyan'anila za boma la Babulo. Hammurabi ankafuna kuthetsa choipa, kumenyana ndi anthu oipa, osapembedza, ndi ochimwa. malamulo lace kubwezera chilango, chimene chinali wofanana mavuto. Za mfundo ya "diso kulipa diso, dzino kwa dzino," womwe umaoneka mu Baibulo zinachitika apa. Komanso, ntchito mwamantha, dongosolo la ndalama ndi mayesero onse ngati chidina a dongosolo la fuko, unatengedwa nkhani zam'chititsa kunama.

Ngakhale loya Hammurabi ntchito kwambiri nthawi yochepa kukopa kwake pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe malamulo a dziko ndi yofunika kwambiri.