Zida za nyumba: zitsanzo, cholinga. Zinthu zapanyumba

Kunyumba ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu aliyense. Palibe wokhala m'dziko lathu lapansi amene angathe kukhalapo popanda malo odalirika, chakudya ndi zovala. Kupereka zonse zofunika ndikupangitsa moyo kukhala womasuka, ndi ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku - yosavuta kuchita, munthu amadzizungulira ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo. Ziwiya zapanyumba ndi gawo la mkango wa katundu yense wa ife, ngakhale anthu osiyana akhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyana pa mndandanda wa ziwiya izi. Kodi ndi chiani chomwe chiri choyenera komanso kutanthauzira ndondomeko ya katundu wa pakhomo?

Mawu osadziwika bwino

"Chiwiya" ndi mawu osadziŵika ndi nyimbo kapena nyimbo zomveka bwino, koma, ngakhale kuti "chiwonetsero" sichidziwikiratu, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira chirichonse m'nyumba mwathu. M'mabuku otanthauzira otchuka a Russian, olemba (SI Ozhegov, VI Dal) amatanthauzira mawu akuti "ziwiya zapanyumba" monga zinthu zapakhomo m'nyumba, malo omwe munthu amasunga chakudya, amakonzekera chakudya ndikukonza moyo wake (ukhondo , Kuyeretsa, kuchapa, etc.).

Gulu la anthuwa limaphatikizapo ziwiya zamtundu wina uliwonse, maluso osiyanasiyana, malonda, ngakhale amanyamula nthawi zambiri zokha zokongoletsera, koma zomwe zingabweretse ubwino kapena zopindulitsa (mwachitsanzo, samovar wakale, osakanizidwa ku mibadwomibadwo monga banja lachikondi Chofunika).

Kotero zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimagwirizana ndi tanthauzo la "zinthu zapakhomo", timayenera kukumana kangapo patsiku, ngakhale nthawi zambiri timatanthawuza ndizo zonse zomwe zimayikidwa mu khitchini kapena chipinda chodyera, ngakhale izi Maganizo ena olakwika.

Kunyumba kapena khitchini

Inde, chiwerengero chachikulu cha zipangizo zamitundu yonse ndi zipangizo, komanso zinthu zothandiza pamoyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, zimasonkhanitsidwa kukhitchini. Chifukwa chakuti anthu sangathe kugwira ntchito mosalekeza popanda chakudya, kachipangizo cha chakudya m'masamba amakono chikukwera pamwamba pa zokondweretsa kwambiri. Ndipo izi ndi zothandiza osati zaka zokha zokha. Anthu akhala akuzindikira kuti ndi bwino kudya chakudya kuchokera pa mbale ndi supuni, osati ndi manja kuchokera ku tsamba la burdock, ndikusunga zokolola ndikuzipereka moyenera mu barre, tubs ndi zifuwa.

Mpaka apo, monga anthu adayenera kupulumuka chinthu chofunika kwambiri chotchedwa "industrialization," chomwe chinabweretsa aliyense wa ife zinthu zambiri zopanda malire komanso zotsika mtengo kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana, katundu wa pakhomo anali kulemekezedwa kwambiri. Ngakhalenso mbale zophweka kwambiri, zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, zinali zotetezedwa bwino. Makolo a atsikana anali atakhala ndi zida, mapepala, mbale komanso zipangizo zosiyanasiyana (poker, stag, scoops ndi panicles for soot), pamene ana aakazi akadakali aang'ono, kukwatira akazi awo okongola osati ndi manja opanda pake, koma ndi bwino.

Zinthu zamtengo wapatali, osati mphika wochuluka wa ceramic kapena fakitale ya wicker, koma zitsulo, zasiliva, galasi, phala, zinali zofunika kwambiri. Kugonjera kwawo kwa anthu ambiri kunali kosatheka, kugula - kosayenera.

Zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ukhondo, kusungidwa kwa zovala ndi katundu wina zimatchedwanso kuti zipangizo zapakhomo. Chophimba, zowonjezera, bedi, zipangizo za kugona, zipangizo zogwiritsa ntchito kusambira, zinalengedwa. Kupeza mipando yabwino kuchokera kwa wachibale wakutali kunali kolimba, zinthu zoterezi zinagulitsidwa pokhapokha ngati munthu ataya mtima komanso akusowa kwambiri.

Zipinda zamakono zamakono zamakono

Chitukuko chazaka mazana awiri zapitazi chasintha njira ya moyo wa munthu kwambiri moti tsopano anthu ochepa chabe sakudziwa chifukwa chake nyumbazo zinali ndi miyala kapena tub, chifukwa chake sizingatheke kuganiza kuti akukhala popanda ng'anjo yaikulu. Makhalidwe ambiri a mnyumba tsopano atsimikiziridwa kuti amadziwika komanso osaiwala mosayembekezereka, koma munthu wakale sakanapezako theka la zomwe zilipo mu khitchini yamba ya nyumba yamakono yamakono.

Zida zamakono zilikonzedwa kuti nthawi zambiri zophika kale zikhale zosavuta. Sitiyenera kutengera mphika wa ceramic m'mabini kuti tipeze phala lopopera, chifukwa chaichi timagwiritsa ntchito poto kapena chitsulo chosungunula chopanda kanthu. Sitikusowa mbale ya matabwa kuti tizitsanulira mchere wa supu wa kabichi, tili ndi zitsulo kapena pulasitiki ndi zipangizo zabwino zophika. Sitikudziwa kuti miyala yodula ndi yotani , chifukwa mipeni yamakono yamakono sichiyenera kusintha kwa miyezi yambiri.

Mukhoti la khitchini yanu, khwangwala wabwino, masamba a pepala, mpeni wa pizza ndi tchizi, malo otsegula komanso zosiyanasiyana zocheka zosiyana siyana ndi zofuna (mafoloko, zikho ndi mipeni ya mchere, msuzi, zokongoletsa, nsomba kapena nkhuku) zimakhala zabodza. Chophimba cha chimanga, scapulas ndi mipeni yocheka chirichonse ndi wina aliyense - ndizo zipangizo zapakhomo za mayi wamasiye wamba wamakono, zomwe zingakuchititseni kufuula chifukwa cha kaduka wa kophika yemwe amakhala mu khitchini lapamwamba la zaka zambiri zapitazo.

Onse atsopano - okalamba oiwala bwino

Koma, ndithudi, palibe amene anganene kuti kubwezeretsa gudumu ndi chinthu chosayamika ndi chosayenerera. Sizingatheke kuti anthu abwerere kudzaphika kutentha ndi kuphika pamoto, komabe pali zinthu zomwe agogo athu amagwiritsa ntchito, motsogoleredwa ndi amayi awo, ndipo, ndithudi, ife tokha tidzawawuza ana athu za izo.

Zida za m'nyumba - mbale ndi zitsulo zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwa ife tsiku ndi tsiku, zidzakonzeratu ku khitchini, popanda kukwanitsa kuphika mazira owouma kapena kukonzekera nyengo yozizira. Ngakhale zinthu zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, monga miphika yadongo kapena ceramic brazier, chitsulo chosungunuka ndi chitsulo cha gusjatnitsa, sichingabisike mumdima wamdima ndi wafumbi. Ndipotu, kukoma kwa mbale yokonzedwa malinga ndi maphikidwe akale siiiwalika, ndipo kusunga ndi kuthandizira miyambo ndi zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala wanzeru.

Moni kuchokera kumbuyo

Komabe, ngati mndandanda wa zida ndi othandizira kukhitchini sizinasinthikepo kwa zaka mazana ambiri mzere, ziwiya zina zapanyumba zakhala zikusintha maonekedwe awo mosiyanasiyana.

Pali zinthu zapakhomo zomwe sitingathe kuzipeza m'moyo wamakono, zimakumbukira zokhazokha m'mamyuziyamu kapena mawu olembedwa a olemba mbiri ndi zojambula za zaka zapitazi. Ambiri aife sitingaganize kuti ndichifukwa chiyani mu chipinda chilichonse chimakhala ndi mphika wotseguka pansi pa bedi, chifukwa chiyani anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito kabati ndi tub kuti azitsuka, ndipo ankamwa madzi kumunda, ankatulutsa madziwo mumatope ndi chingwe, ndipo mkaka unasungidwa mu chivindikiro , Yemwe anatsanulidwa mwamsanga atatha kuitanitsa ng'ombe ku podoynik.

Komanso masiku ano, si mwambo wosungira tirigu kapena ufa m'matumba akuluakulu ndi mipiringidzo, ndi zilembo zazikulu zogwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe zomwe zovalazo zinkapangidwa ndi kutengedwera pokhapokha ngati maulendo atayendetsedwa m'malowa.

Chuma Chamtengo Wapatali

Zinthu zakale, omwe mndandanda wa zinyumba zawo zimakhala pamalo olemekezeka pamodzi ndi zokongoletsera za kale, sizikhala ndi mbiri yokhayokha komanso yozindikira. Antiquary, osonkhanitsa, okonda zinthu amabwera kuchokera kumbuyo ndi mkwatulo akuyang'ana chirichonse chomwe chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu mazana ambiri apitawo. Zokwera mtengo ndizo zinthu zapanyumba zomwe zasunga mawonekedwe awo oyambirira ndipo zakhala zikufika nthawi zathu mu dziko losasintha ndi lokongola. Zinthu zoterezi zimagulitsidwa pazinthu zogulitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi malonda, komanso mumsika wakuda, wosagwirizana ndi malamulo, zomwe zimatsimikizira zosowa zawo ndi zofunikira ngakhale zaka mazana ambiri.