Kunja ndi mkati Politika Ekateriny 2. NKHANI Catherine zoweta mfundo 2

Kuyambira ndili mwana, palokha ndipo Nditchimo Catherine II anakhoza kuchita kusintha kwenikweni mu Russia. Kuyambira 1744 icho chinali kutchedwa Mfumukazi Elizabeth mu St. Petersburg. Kumeneko, Catherine anatenga Orthodoxy nakhala mkwatibwi wa Prince Peter Fedorovich.

Kulimbana mpandowachifumu

Tsogolo Mfumukazi anayesa m'njira iliyonse kuti atikonde mwamuna wake, amake ndi anthu. Catherine nthawi yaitali kuphunzira mabuku pa zachuma, malamulo m'mbiri, umene kwakhudza kaonedwe ake. Pamene Petro III anakhala mfumu, ubale wake ndi mkazi wake kunkakhala kudana mangawawo. Panthawi imeneyi, Catherine anayamba kukonza chiwembu. Pa mbali ake anali mphungu, KG Razumovsky. Ni Panin ndi ena. Mu June 1762, pamene mfumu sanali St. Petersburg, Catherine analowa nyumba Izmailovsky Regiment analengeza autocratic wolamulira. Pambuyo kwambiri zofuna nkhani mwamuna kulemba ake antchito. Internal, kunja Politika Ekateriny II anayamba chitukuko.

Features ya bolodi

Catherine II anatha anazungulira ndekha luso ndi wosiyana anthu. Iye werera malingaliro chidwi kuti zikhoza kukhala bwino ntchito pa zofuna zawo. Nkhani Mfumukazi zinthu mwanzeru ndiponso mozindikira, anali ndi mphatso ya kumvetsera interlocutor lapansi. Koma Catherine II ankakonda mphamvu ndi amakhoza kupita monyanyira, monga kuti iye.

Mfumukazi anathandiza Mpingo Orthodox, koma sanakane ntchito chipembedzo ndale. Iwo walola kuti amange Chiprotestanti ndi Chikatolika mipingo ndiponso mizikiti. Koma kulangidwa ndi kusintha kwa ziphunzitso chipembezo china.

M'banja Catherine 2 (lalifupi)

Mfumukazi anasankha postulates atatu, zomwe zachokera unathandiza: zinayendera, pang'onopang'ono ndi mlandu wa amaganiza anthu. Catherine mlomo anali wothandiza wa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, koma zinachititsa anthu otchuka kuthandiza malamulo. Iye anakhala chiwerengero cha anthu uliwonse chigawo (anthu sayenera oposa 400 zikwi), ndi County (30,000). Mogwirizana ndi kulekana m'midzi yambiri zinamangidwa. Uliwonse pakati zigawo zingapo za mabungwe a boma iwo unapangidwa bungwe. Awa, monga waukulu akuzigawo bungwe - kasamalidwe - ndi kazembe ulamulire Wachifwamba ndi Civil Komiti, Management Authority Financial (Nyumba ya Zachuma). Kulinso akhazikitsidwa: High Provincial Court, Provincial zamalamulo ndi chiwawa Upper. Iwo ankasewera udindo wa bwalo kwa magulu osiyanasiyana ndi inkakhala mpando ndi kudziunika. thupi analengedwa kuthana ndi mtendere nkhondo, wotchedwa kulowa m'bwalo. Komanso amamva milandu criminally misala. Mavuto sukulu zipangizo, m'misasa ndi almshouses chinkhoswe Order ya chikondi pagulu.

kusintha kwa ndale zigawo za

Mumtima Catherine 2 mfundo anakhudzidwa mzinda. Apanso, nambala ya matabwa. Choncho khoti m'munsi chigawo udindo ntchito za apolisi ndi makonzedwe a. The khoti County anali wamng'ono High Court Provincial ndi olemekezeka ankaona choncho. malo nzika anaweruzidwa, unali mzinda wa zamalamulo. Kuthetsa mavuto a anthu wamba analenga wotsika kuphedwa.

Control kuphedwa olondola a lamulo anatumizidwa wozenga akuzigawo ndi solicitors awiri. Kazembe-General anatsatira ntchito a zigawo zingapo ndipo angagwire ntchito mwachindunji Mfumukazi. M'banja Politika Ekateriny 2, zigawo tebulo anafotokoza mu mabuku ambiri mbiri.

kusintha milandu

Mu 1775, iwo anakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano kuthetsa mikangano. Aliyense kalasi vuto anathana ulamuliro wake milandu. makhoti onse, kupatula Kuphedwa m'munsi anasankhidwa. Mkulu Provincial anafufuza milandu nzika ndi m'mphawi ndewu (ngati mlimi anali boma) akuchita chiwawa chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi. Kusamvana chosakaniza serfs Mwenechiroache mundu. Koma atsogoleri achipembedzo, iwo akanangokhoza kuweruza mabishopu mu consistories zigawo. The Senate anali zonse zokhudza malamulo.

kusintha Municipal

Mfumukazi anafuna kukhazikitsa mabungwe m'dera lililonse kalasi ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Mu 1766 Catherine II anapereka Manifesto pa mapangidwe bungwe kuthana ndi mavuto m'deralo. Motsogozedwa ndi wapampando wa olemekezeka ndi mutu osankhidwa a mzinda kunachitika chisankho cha akuluakulu, komanso kusintha ikugwirira ntchito. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chiwerengero cha zochita malamulo, amene anakakonza china malamulo a boma. otchuka The analengedwa ndi ufulu wosankha chigawo ndi mpando zigawo, mlembi wa chigawocho woweruza ndi kudziunika ndi Mabwana ena. kasamalidwe Urban zimatengera maganizo awiri: General ndi Shestiglasnaya. Akale ali ndi ufulu wopanga malamulo mderali. Iwo anali chaired ndi meya. Ganizo chonse ati moyenera. Shestiglasnaya kupita tsiku lililonse. Iwo uli thupi mabwana inkakhala oimira asanu lililonse kalasi ndi mkuluyu. Panali akadali Council City, amene akukumana zaka zitatu zilizonse. thupi ili ali ndi ufulu wosankha Shestiglasnuyu lingaliro.

M'banja Politika Ekateriny 2 ndi kupeleka chidwi ku polisi. Mu 1782, iye analenga lamulo lomwe okhudza kapangidwe ka mabungwe yazamalamulo, malangizo a zochita zawo, komanso dongosolo la zilango.

moyo otchuka

M'banja Politika Ekateriny 2 chiwerengero cha zikalata mwalamulo anatsimikizira malo chabwino cha kalasi imeneyi. Kudzapereka ndi fuko lomveka kapena kuchotsera katundu wake anali Zimatheka atachita ndi mlandu waukulu. Chigamulo kwenikweni zogwirizana ndi Mfumukazi. Fuko lomveka sanathe pansi chilango chomenya. Kuwonjezera kutaya tsoka la osawuka ndi nkhani malo, malo nthumwi mwaufulu kupita kudziko lina, kutumiza madandaulo awo mwachindunji kwa kazembe-General. Kunja ndi mkati Politika Ekateriny 2 zochokera zofuna za kalasi.

oimira pang'ono osauka kukanakhala kumuphwanyira ufulu. Choncho, kutenga nawo mbali pa misonkhano zigawo za otchuka akanakhoza munthu ndi ena oyenerera katundu. Kuti nayenso kulandila udindo, mu nkhani iyi, ndalama zina sayenera zosakwana $ 100 pa chaka.

kusintha zachuma

Mu 1775, iye anali kuwerenga Manifesto, imene onse anatilola "mwaufulu zidzathera onse a mphero ndi kutulutsa iwo mitundu yonse ya zamanja popanda kale chilolezo" onse m'deralo ndi akuluakulu. Mfu kupatulapo zinalili ndi kuti mtundu wa bizinesi boma chinakhalapo mpaka 1861, komanso makampani kutumikira asilikali. zinachitika kale achititsa kuti kukula kwa chuma cha kalasi wamalonda. kalasi anatenga nawo mbali pa chitukuko cha ulimi watsopano ndi mabizinesi. Chifukwa zochita za malonda anayamba makampani nsalu, kusandulika kenako mu chigawo nsalu. Catherine II mu 1775, anakhazikitsa atatu wamalonda munalidi gulu, amene anapatukana ku likulu alipo. Ndi aliyense kaphatikizidwe anajambula ija 1% ya likulu, amene amati ndi sizithetsedwa. Mu 1785 anapangidwa satifiketi anthu, amene ananena kuti amalonda ndi ufulu kutenga nawo mbali boma ndi khoti, sankapita chilango logwirika. Mwayi zokhudzana yekha guilds woyamba ndi wachiwiri, ndi kubwerera ankafunika kuonjezera kukula likulu ananena.

M'banja Politika Ekateriny II imakhudzanso anthu akumidzi. Analoledwa zimadutsa malonda awo ndi kugulitsa mankhwala chifukwa. Alimi amagulitsidwa churchyard, koma zinali zochepa mu kukhazikitsa ntchito ambiri ritelo. Olemekezeka akhoza bungwe fairs, ndipo iwo akugulitsa mankhwala, koma ndiribe ufulu kumanga mafakitale m'mizinda. kalasi anayesetsa kukankha akathyole amalonda nsalu ndi makampani distillery. Ndipo kenako bwino, mwamsanga chiyambi cha XIX m'ma 74 fuko lomveka anali pa mafakitale nazo ake, amalonda khumi ndi awiri okha motsogoleredwa mabizinezi.

Catherine II anatsegula Assignation Bank, amene analengedwa ntchito bwino magulu chapamwamba. bungwe Financial kulandira madipoziti, anachititsa mpweya opangidwa ngongole mlandu. Zotsatira zake zinali maphatikizidwe wa activism ndi siliva ruble Assignation.

Kusintha kwa Education, Culture ndi Science

Features 2 Catherine ndondomeko zoweta m'madera awa motere:

1. M'malo mwa mphunzitsi Mfumukazi II Betskoi anayamba "General Institution kwa maphunziro a achinyamata a amuna ndi akazi." Society of Noble Madona anatseguka pamaziko yakeyo (Smolny Institute), sukulu ya zamalonda ndi sukulu pa Academy of Tirhana. Mu 1782, bungwe pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa sukulu unakhazikitsidwa kuti kusintha sukulu. dongosolo wake anayamba ndi Austria wophunzitsa Fi Jankovic. M'kupita kwa kusintha mu mzinda aliyense kutsegula masukulu - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Mabungwe anali ndi boma. Medical College, ku migodi School ndi masukulu ena anatseguka pansi Catherine II.
2. Wopambana mkati Politika Ekateriny zaka 2 1762-1796 wafunsira chitukuko cha sayansi. Mu 1765, panali gulu la a Free Economic Society, yokonzedwa kukuza chidziwitso cha malowo dziko. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1768 mpaka 1774, asayansi a Academy of Sciences nawo maulendo asanu. Kudzera yokopa amenewa kudziwa zinthu zambiri osati madera komanso zamoyo ndi sayansi zina zachilengedwe. Mu 80s, Russian Academy inamangidwa phunziro la chinenero ndi mabuku. Mu ulamuliro wa Catherine II, mabuku zinatuluka kuposa zonse za m'zaka XVIII. Mu St. Petersburg, anatsegula choyamba mu State Library Public. amakonda kuwerenga mabuku pafupifupi kalasi. Panthawi imeneyi, maphunziro wakhala anayamikira.
3. M'banja Politika Ekateriny 2 sakanatha kupewa, ndi maonekedwe a anthu okwezeka. moyo yogwira chikhalidwe mu mabwalo apamwamba a amayi ndi abambo nawonso ayenera kutsatira mafashoni. Mu 1779, mu magazini "Fashion mwezi nkhani, kapena Library madona chimbudzi" zinatuluka zitsanzo za zovala zatsopano. Watsimikiza 1782 analamula olemekezeka kuvala zovala kuti agwirizane mitundu ya chizindikiro cha m'maderawo. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mu dongosolo ili kuwonjezera zofunika - wina kalembedwe yunifolomu.

mfundo yachilendo

Catherine II sanaiwale za kusintha kwa kugona ndi limati zina. Mfumukazi akwaniritsa zotsatira izi:

1. Chifukwa cha inalowa wa dera Kuban, Crimea, m'zigawo Chilituyaniya, kumadzulo Russia, ndi Duchy wa Courland malire a boma kwambiri kukodzedwa.

2. lonena George yosainidwa, zimene zinasonyeza udindo wa protectorate Russian pa Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti).

3. Panali nkhondo yolimbirana malire ndi Sweden. Koma pambuyo kusaina mtendere malire pangano sizinasinthe.

4. Development wa Alaska ndi Islands Aleutian.

5. Chifukwa cha nkhondo Chirasha Turkey lidagawikana mbali ya m'dziko la Poland pakati Austria, Prussia ndi Russia.

6. ntchito Greek. Cholinga cha chiphunzitso anali mu kubwezeretsa kwa Ufumu wa Byzantium inkachitika mu Constantinople. Monga pakati pa mutu wa boma amayenera kukhala mdzukulu wa Catherine II, Prince Constantine.

7. Pamapeto a 80 anayamba Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ndi kulimbana ndi Sweden. Mkaidi 1792 Iasi mtendere wotetezedwa mphamvu ya Russian Ufumu wa Caucasus ndi Bessarabia, ndipo anatsimikizira analanda dziko la Crimea.

Catherine 2. Zotsatira za mfundo yachilendo ndi zoweta

Great Russian Mfumukazi anasiya chizindikiro kukoma m'mbiri ya Russia. Pambuyo kugonjetsa mpando wachifumu wa mwamuna wake, iye anagwiritsitsa zambiri zomwe zinachitika, ambiri mwa kwambiri akweza miyoyo ya anthu. Polongosola mwachidule zotsatira ndale mkati mwa Catherine 2, tisaiwale zinthu makamaka a otchuka ndi ndiwotani pa bwalo. Mfumukazi werera kalasi ndi okondedwa awo pafupi.

M'banja Politika Ekateriny 2, mwachidule kufotokoza ngati ali zotsatirazi mbali yaikulu. Chifukwa cha zochita zikuluzikulu Mfumukazi, dera la ufumu Russian achuluka kwambiri. Anthu mu dziko anali kukwaniritsira maphunziro. Zikuoneka sukulu yoyamba kwa anthu wamba a. mafunso okhudza kasamalidwe m'maboma ndi maiko akhala mwake. Mfumukazi anathandiza Russia kukhala mmodzi wa limati kwambiri ku Ulaya.