Austria Ufumu. The Austria Ufumu

The Austria Ufumu analengeza ngati boma monarchic mu 1804 ndipo zinatha mpaka 1867, ndiyeno lidzasinthidwa Austria-Hungary. Apo ayi, ankatchedwa Habsburg Ufumu, dzina lotsiriza la munthu wa banja lolamulira la Habsburg, France, amene, monga Napoleon, nayenso, analalikira yekha mfumu.

cholowa

Austria Ufumu m'zaka za m'ma 19, ngati inu mutayang'ana pa mapu, izo zikuwoneka ngati ndi patchwork zoyala. Ife pomwepo kuona kuti ndi boma multiethnic. Ndipo, nthawi zambiri, ndi monga kawirikawiri, mosatsata bata. Kuyang'ana mwa masamba a mbiriyakale, ife tikhoza kuwona kuti izo zinachitika apa. Ting'onoting'ono wachikuda specks anasonkhana pansi malire chimodzi - ichi ndi Hapsburg Austria. Map limasonyeza makamaka bwino mmene dzikolo unagawanika ufumu. Mabuku cholowa cha banja lolamulira la Habsburg - yaing'ono m'madera dera, litadzala ndi anthu osiyana kwambiri. Austria Ufumu anapanga zimenezi.

• Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska Lazaro).
• Transylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Banat).
• Wotchedwa Galicia, Bukovina.
• Kumpoto Italy (Lombardy, Venice).

Sikuti magwero a anthu onse anali osiyana, koma chipembedzo chiyani sizigwirizana. Anthu a ku Austria Ufumu (makumi atatu miliyoni zinayi), hafu anali Asilavo (Slovaks, Czechs, Croatia, Poland, Ukrainians, Serbia. Magyar (Hungarians) anali pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu, za nambalayi ku Italy.

Pa mphambano za mbiri

Feudalism nthawi kuti sanabadwe unafika kumapeto, koma Austria ndi Czech amisiri kale tikhoza kuzitcha ntchito makampani m'madera amenewa ndithu zayambitsa capitalist lapansi.

Banja lolamulira la Habsburg ndi otchuka ozungulira unali wamphamvu wa ufumuwo, iwo adatenga zonse mwa maudindo akuluakulu - nkhondo ndi malamulo. Absolutism, ndi ulamuliro wa mwankhanza - malamulo ndi mphamvu mu nkhope ya apolisi, momvetsera ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika, bungwe olemera mu ufumuwo - izi mwanjira oponderezedwa mitundu yonse yaing'ono, pamodzi monga wosadzayanjanika ngakhale mu mafuta chosakanizira ndi madzi.

Austria Ufumu madzulo a zisinthe

Czech Germanize msanga, makamaka bourgeoisie ndi anthu apamwamba. The nzika ku Hungary nizitsamwitsa mamiliyoni wamba Asilavo, koma iwo amadalira kwambiri pa boma Austrians. The Austria Ufumu anali kukanikiza molimba pa zigawo wake Italy. Ngakhale kovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mtundu wa kuponderezedwa kuti anali: kulimbana feudalism, kusiyana bizinesi, kapena mwangwiro dziko.

Metternich, nduna yaikulu ndi momasuka reactionary, zaka makumi atatu analetsa chinenero wina osati German mabungwe onse, kuphatikizapo makhoti ndi sukulu. Ndipo anthu makamaka osauka. Ankamuona ngati free, anthu awa amadalira kotheratu landlords, akumamvera mangawa, ankachita yolembedwa usilikali chokhala serfdom.

Osati khwimbi la anthu anadzuma m'goli la dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndi yotsalira mphamvu zonse ndi mwankhanza ake. The bourgeoisie nawo sanakhutitsidwe ndi mwachionekere akukankha anthu kuukira. Kukwera ku Austria ufumu pa zifukwa pamwamba mophweka mosalephera.

national kukhalanso

mitundu yonse ufulu kukoma ndi sizikakutherani ikukhudzana bwanji ndi chitukuko ndi kuteteza chikhalidwe cha dziko. Makamaka Asilavo. Kenako, mwa kulemera kwa Nsapato Austria, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians ndi Italy anayesa wodzilamulira chitukuko cha mabuku ndi luso losiyanasiyana amafuna malangizo mu masukulu mbadwa chinenero. Writers, ophunzira ogwirizana ndi lingaliro limodzi - national kukhalanso.

Njira yomweyo anali ku Serbia, Croatia. Ikakhala yolemera anakhala mikhalidwe ya moyo, ndi owala asangalala loto la ufulu, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa ntchito za amisiri, olemba ndakatulo ndi oimba. chikhalidwe National anaimirira pamwamba zenizeni ndi kuuzira muno pa zinthu zoti ufulu azimai fraternity - chitsanzo cha French kuukira boma.

Kugalukira ku Vienna

Mu 1847, ku Austria Ufumu "amamuonera" zinthu chosintha kwambiri. Acuity iye anawonjezera ambiri mavuto azachuma ndi zaka ziwiri pyakusowa osauka ndi Kankhani anali kulandidwa kwa ufumu mu France. Kale mu March 1848 zisinthe ku Austria Ufumu kukhwima ndi linathyoka.

Ogwira ntchito, ophunzira, amisiri kumanga okwatiranawo m'misewu ya Vienna ndipo anafunsa yosiya ntchito ya boma, Musawope asilikali lachifumu, asankha kupondereza zipolowe. Boma anapanga zokambirana, akumanena Metternich ndi azitumiki ena. Iwo unalonjezedwa ngakhale kuti malamulo.

Anthu Komabe, mofulumira zida zankhondo: antchito Mulimonsemo sanapeze chilichonse - kuphatikizapo ufulu kuvota. Ophunzira analenga maphunziro Legiyo, ndi bourgeoisie - Alonda National. Ndipo iwo anayesetsa kukana pamene izi oletsedwa magulu okhala ndi zida anayesa kupasuka kuposa mfumu kukhonda boma kuthawa Vienna.

Wamba, mwachizolowezi, mu ulimi anatenga gawo analibe nthawi. Places zokha atapanduka, kukana kulipira nyumba ndi mwininyumba mozemba kudula mitengo. Ubongo ndi gulu la kalasi machitidwe anali, ndithudi, kwambiri. Kugawikana ndi anthu azikhala mogwirizana sikuli anawonjezera.

incompleteness

Ngati zonse German, Austria zisinthe sanali udzatha, ngakhale bourgeois-demokalase kuyitcha iyo kale zotheka. The kalasi ntchito sanayambebe mokwanira okhwima, ndi bourgeoisie, monga nthawi zonse, owolowa manja ndi zinthu mwachinyengo, kuphatikiza anali kupezeka kwa ndewu dziko ndi asilikali potsimikizira-kusintha zinthu.

sanathe kupambana. The mafumu ali lokonzedwanso analimbitsa kuponderezana wopambana wa anthu osauka ndipo disenfranchised. Ndi zabwino kuti ena kusintha zachitika, ndi chinthu chachikulu - Kukwera anapha dongosolo ang'onoang'ono. Good ndi kuti dziko chakhala nawo gawo, chifukwa pambuyo ulimi odukaduka ndi zambiri homogeneous dziko kuposa Austria. Ufumu Khadi sanasinthe.

olamulira

Mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, mpaka 1835, m'zochitika zonse za boma kupereka Mfumu Franz I. Chancellor Metternich anali anzeru ndipo anali ndi kulemera kwakukulu ndale, koma kutsimikizira mfumu anali Sutha. Pambuyo zotsatira zoipa za French kuukira boma ku Austria, zoopsa zonse za nkhondo Napoleonic, Metternich ambiri analakalaka kubweretsa dongosolo ili kwa dziko pa mtendere.

Koma Metternich analephera kulenga yamalamulo ndi akuluakulu a anthu onse a ufumuwo, wa zakudya akuzigawo sanalandire mphamvu chenicheni. Komabe, ndithu chuma m'mbuyo Austria, ndi ang'onoang'ono reactionary boma zaka makumi atatu Metternich anatembenuka mu mkhalidwe wamphamvu mu Europe. Great ndi udindo wake kupangidwa kwa potsimikizira-chosintha Woyera Alliance mu 1915.

Pofuna kusunga ufumu kuchokera nyenyeswa kutha wathunthu, asilikali Austria mwankhanza wosweka kugalukira ku Naples ndi Piedmont mu 1821, pokhalabe ulamuliro wathunthu mu dziko Austrians pa neavstriytsami. Nthawi zambiri kuletsedwa zachiwawa kunja Austria, chifukwa omwe asilikali a dziko lino chapeza ndi mbiri Kalanga mwa otsatira dziko kukhalanso.

Kwambiri nthumwi Metternich anali pachibwenzi ndi a Unduna Woona za zakunja, ndi Mfumu Franz kupereka nkhani mkati mwa dziko. Pa chofufuzidwa izo amalondola pa magalimoto onse m'dera la maphunziro: akuluakulu mosamalitsa kufufuzidwa zonse zimene ankaphunzira ndi kuwerenga. Kufufuza anali nkhanza. Atolankhani sankaloledwa ngakhale kukumbukira mawu "malamulo".

Mu chipembedzo, iwo unali ndi chete, pali ena kulolerana. Nakhalanso dongosolo la Ajezwiti, Akatolika ankayang'anira maphunziro, osati kwa aliyense popanda chilolezo cha mfumu ku mpingo. Ayuda amene anamasulidwa ku ghetto, ndipo ngakhale Vienna zinamangidwa sunagoge. Izo ndiye anatuluka pakati osunga ndalama Solomon Rothschild, anzanga ndi Metternich. Ndipo ngakhale analandira udindo baronial. M'masiku amenewo - chochitika zosaneneka.

Mapeto a mphamvu yaikulu

The mfundo yachilendo ya Austria kwa theka lachiwiri la m'zaka ladzala ndi zokhumudwitsa. Wopitiriza kugonjetsedwa pa nkhondo.

• Crimea nkhondo (1853-1856).
• Austria-Prussian nkhondo (1866).
• Choyamba Italy Nkhondo ya wodzilamulira (1866).
• nkhondo ndi Sardinia ndi France (1859).

Panthawi imeneyi, panali yopuma lakuthwa timakhala ndi Russia, ndiye chilengedwe cha ku North German Chitaganya. Zonsezi zinachititsa chakuti banja lolamulira la Habsburg anataya chikoka chawo pa boma, osati Germany komanso mu Europe. Ndipo - chifukwa - udindo wa mphamvu yaikulu.