Ages Middle: ndi timeframe ku Russia

Mawu akuti "Ages Middle" analowa ulimi sayansi mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, motero za akatswiri-humanists anatsindika kugwirizana nthawi yake ndi amakedzana: "Zimene zaka golide" wa anthu, iwo anasiyanitsidwa ndi pafupifupi zina, nthawi wogwirizira, "mdima mibadwo", monga anawaitana Petrarch. Kenako akuti, ndithudi, anataya tanthauzo lake, koma historiography monga chiphunzitso ambiri amavomereza anasunga dzina "Ages Middle", nthawi chimango lomwe lili zapakati pa m'ma 5 kwa zaka za m'ma 16. malire Awa ndi wachibale amasiyana mbiri ya limati zosiyanasiyana.

Misonkhano ya Kuwerengera

Kuwerengera ndi periodization - wachibale i chongopeka anayambitsa ndi ofufuza ntchito mayiko zoti nthawi chochitika zofanana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, etc. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito kwathunthu kwa nthawi lotchedwa "Ages Middle" okhudza malo, mafelemu kanthawi imene .. m'njira zosiyanasiyana zifukwa mbiri yakale zoweta ndi achilendo. Pamene moyenerera analozera A. Ya. Gurevich, anthu a Zapakati, komanso wakale kapena Masiku ano, sanapereke dzina la m'badwo wake, sankadziwa kuti iwo akukhala mu nthawi ya Ages Middle. Ndi kulekanitsa ndondomeko mbiri pa intervals kuchuluka asayansi motsogozedwa ndi zina zokhudza pachiyambi, makhalidwe khalidwe chibadidwe ndi lothandiza makamaka.

periodization

Monga mwambo historiographical akuimira Western European Ages Middle? munthawi (m'ma) - ndi V mu. pamaso pa chiyambi cha m'ma XVI. Mwa nthawi imeneyi pafupifupi zaka zikwi-chaka nthawi zambiri kusiyanitsa magawo zotsatirazi:

• V-XI CC. otchedwa Early Ages Middle (kapena "mdima mibadwo", monga nthawi iyi mu mbiri ya chitukuko anthu ali wamng'ono anaphunzira chifukwa paucity za kulingalira mu njira). Iwo anayamba atagwa mu Ufumu wa Roma. Chimodzi mwa zochitika chidwi kwambiri - za kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, kulanda Akristu Iberia (otchedwa Reconquista), ndi heyday Ufumu wa Byzantine, boma achifulanki.
• XI-XIV CC. - tingachipeze powerenga (kapena High) Ages Middle. Chochitika chachikulu - kwafalikira a anthu Ulaya, pafupifupi konsekonse kulalikidwa kwa Chikhristu, Nkhondo za Mtanda, ndi chitukuko cha mizinda ndi mizinda, zikamera ndi kukula ubale ang'onoang'ono.
• XIV-XVI zaka. amatchedwa malemu Ages Middle (ena ofufuza kuwerengera nthawi imeneyi ndi oyambirira masiku ano). Izi ndi nyengo za masoka, njala, mliri, zaka mazana 'nkhondo ndi nkhondo Mongol-Chitata, amene kwambiri unawononge- Ulaya. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi Mpingo wa Katolika, wamkulu atulukira Hrs, chitukuko cha sayansi, zoyambitsidwa, zikayenda mankhwala.

Ages Middle: ndi timeframe kwa Russia

Dera wotanganidwa ndi mafuko Asilavo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma ang'onoang'ono anali pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi West chifukwa azambiriyakale ambiri chibwenzi chiyambi cha nyengo akale kuti IX lapansi. A nthawi yatsopano imayambira cha m'ma XVII. ndi Peter I. mkati nyengo ulamuliro allocated nthawi osiyana:

• IX-XII zaka. - kuli centralized boma Kyivan.
• XII-XIII zaka. - chiyambi cha kugawikana ang'onoang'ono ndi malowedwe a dziko ulamuliro wa Mongol-Chitata goli.
• XIV-XVII zaka. - kukhazikitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha boma Russian likulu lake mu Moscow.

Makhalidwe a m'badwo

Popeza Ages Middle zikuwoneka mwazaka, nthawi chimango zokhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe zinachititsa inasinthiratu. V mapeto. khamu wakunja balamanthu Rome - chitetezo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha wakale pa nthawi imeneyo, pa chiyambi cha VI. unatha otsiriza wakale sukulu ya nzeru.

Mbali yaikulu ya Early Ages Middle - ichi patsogolo asapita mafuko mafuko wakunja kwa Europe ndi mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono, kuti mapeto a nthawi yopita ku mapangidwe a limati centralized ndi achepetse. Ukasintha anasintha akamanena ubale chuma Zapakati. Okhudza malo, kuchuluka zosatha a chi mwamphamvu chokhudzana ndi kufala kwa chipembedzo cha chikhristu, amene anali kusinkhasinkha ndege wauzimu wa feudalism monga chikunja anali kamodzi khalidwe la dongosolo limodzi mafuko.

mafuko Ndi Asilavo onse a mbali pamwamba ikuoneka mbiri yawo bwino okha ndi IX a., Pamene kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma amapezeka ndi pakati mu Kiev. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa nthaka Russian ozama ku Byzantine Chikhistu (Orthodox) mwambo, ndi kwa Zakachikwi amapeza chipembedzo mkulu.

chakale Ages Middle

Mkulu Ages Middle (. Timelines XI-XIV zaka) Umayamba Ulaya ndi mapangidwe Karla Velikogo ndi boma amakhala ndi kulimbitsa udindo wa Mpingo wa Katolika, udindo lake lalikulu pa magulu osiyanasiyana a zochita za anthu - ndale ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kachitidwe maphunziro chimakhala chogwidwa ndi chiphunzitso ankaonetsetsa, mfundo ndi chikhalidwe zinthu m'dzikoli ndi okonda kupemphera.

Mkhristu kudziŵa Russian Middle Ages, amene timeframe monga Tsikuli nthawi okhutira, wosiyana kwambiri ndi Western. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma XII. Orthodoxy sanali yekhayo boma chipembedzo cha boma: akunja zapitazi, okhulupirira mu milungu yakale Asilavo anakhalabe kupatula m'madera akumidzi nkhalango ndipo musati loopsa kukhalako kwa boma centralized. Koma nkhwidzi ang'onoang'ono kuti anagwedeza kwambiri kapena zochepa kuposa boma lililonse mu Ages Middle (nthawi chimango mu Russia -. XII-XIII zaka), wofooka boma Kievan, ndi kulipanga ndi nyama zovuta kum'mawa khamu woyendayendawu a Mongol-Chitata. Choncho, cholimbikitsa ulamuliro wa Church zathandizira ndi kumuopseza kunja mu nkhope ya mlendo mitundu ndi zipembedzo ankhondowo nzeru.

Maonekedwe osiyana ndi a nthawi European ndi Russian

Kusiyana ofunika imeneyi ya Russia kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi lodziwikiratu: ufumu Karla Velikogo ndi nthawi ya maluwa pazipita chikhalidwe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa fano ovomerezeka a Ages Middle, kum'mawa kwa Ulaya muzochitika zones za moyo wa kudzitsitsa kugwirizana ndi katundu ya nkhondoyo wamphamvu Asian mdani.

Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha Mongol-Chitata goli sikunali kotheka kubwezeretsa umphumphu wa kale Kievan Yairo m'mayiko azungu ogwirizana wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu, ndi kum'mawa chikoka onse wamkulu analandira akalonga Muscovite.

M'zaka yomaliza ya nthawi ya High Ages Middle

Mapeto a West High Middle Ages kugwirizana ndi njala kuti kugunda kwambiri m'dziko kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIV., Miliri ya nthenda, wamba zolakwa ndi zaka mazana 'nkhondo. Zochitika zonsezi zomvetsa chisoni zinafuna kwenikweni kutha kwa hafu ya anthu, choncho kuchepa muzochitika zones za moyo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha Russian Ages Middle, nthawi chimango XIV-XVII zaka., Anayamba nthawi ya mapangidwe ndi kulimbitsa boma padziko Moscow. Russia wamphamvu zokwanira pa nthawi ino kuthetsa chimtolo cha goli la Golden gulu. Komanso, ambiri ofufuza zoweta timakonda kuona latsopano boma Russian zochokera Vladimir-Suzdal mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe miyambo, maonekedwe khalidwe la Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Izi maluwa chikhalidwe, zomangamanga, kupenta, ndi zikamera wa ntchito mabuku amene kuganizira munthu ndi mtima wake osati pankhani za chipembedzo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVII. pa mpando wachifumu amapita Romanov mafumu, amene mamembala analamulira dziko pamaso pa chiwonongeko cha ufumu mu 1917

Malemu Middle Ages ndi kusintha kwa nthawi yatsopano

Tanthauzo Kusakhazikika mmene mochedwa Ages Middle, chimango nthawi ndi maiko yokutidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: penapake bwino kusonyeza kudzera mbali ya masiku ano, ndi m'madera ena miyambo ang'onoang'ono njira ya moyo anapulumutsidwa. Mu madera a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya pali gulu kukonzanso kwa mpingo ochokera mafakitale zikusintha nzeru ndi kaonedwe pa dziko. Ndipo mu Moscow ufumu kwazaka mazana aŵiri, chirichonse anakhalabe kwenikweni zikutsatiridwa: popeza Ages Middle mu Russia (. Timelines IX-XVII zaka) itha patapita nthawi yaitali.

Western European Middle Ages, chimango nthawi, liza nthawi pafupifupi zaka chikwi, amatanthauza mapeto a XV wa - kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVI. Poyambira kutenga atulukira America ndi Columbus zambiri mu 1492

Mu Russia, nthawi zonse pa Ages Middle izo zinali zotheka kuti Peter Ine ndi nambala ya kusintha kupata ndi zambiri osatchuka mu m'ma XVII.

Mawuwo: Ages Middle of Western European ndi Russian

Choncho, nthawi chimango wa Ages Middle mu Russia ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi osiyana kwambiri, koma akamanena za nthawi ndi mavuto ambiri ofanana. Izi ulamuliro wa Mpingo ndi chipembedzo muzochitika zones za moyo, ndi kulimbitsa ubale ang'onoang'ono, ndi mapangidwe wotsatira mafumu, amene tidzakhalabe Times Chatsopano.

Kumapeto kwa Ages Middle anayamba bwino zamakono patsogolo - anatulukira kuphulika ng'anjo, ndi firearm, makina osindikizira. Mfundo ya maphunziro. Patsogolo pang'onopang'ono akuwonetseredwa mu muzochitika zones za moyo. M'zaka zapitazi, malemu Ages Middle anayamba maluwa mofulumira luso.