Asayansi otchuka kwambiri ndiwo masamu. Masamu Achikazi

Sayansi yeniyeni yakhala ikuyamikira kwambiri kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Euclid wakale wa masamu wachi Greek adapereka chithandizo chofunika kwambiri kuderali ndipo zina mwaziganizo zake zidakali zophunzitsidwa kusukulu. Zomwe zimapezeka ndi zazimayi ndi abambo, alendo ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi oimira zaka zosiyanasiyana. Ndi ziwerengero ziti zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri? Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane.

Ada Lovelace

Osati gawo laling'ono likusewera ndi Englishwoman uyu. Amuna a masamu a masamu sangakhale ochuluka kwambiri, koma zomwe amapereka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunika. Izi zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito za Ada Lovelace. Mwana wamkazi wa ndakatulo wotchuka dzina lake Byron, anabadwa mu December 1815. Kuyambira ali mwana anaonetsa luso la sayansi ya masamu, mwamsanga kumvetsa nkhani yatsopano. Komabe, kalembedwe zamaluso zazimayi zinalinso Ada - iye ankasewera bwino ndipo ambiri anali mayi wopambana kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi Charles Babbage, iye adagwira ntchito yopanga ndondomeko ya masamu yowerengera makina. Pa chivundikiro cha ntchito yayikulu okha anali oyambirira ake - akazi a masamu pa nthawi imeneyo anali chinthu chosayenera. Masiku ano, akukhulupirira kuti zopanga zake zinali sitepe yoyamba yaumunthu poyambitsa kulenga zilankhulo za pakompyuta. Ndi Ade Lovelace amene ali ndi malingaliro a kayendedwe ka mapu, machitidwe ambiri odabwitsa ndi mawerengedwe. Ngakhale panopo, ntchito yake ikudziwika ndi mlingo woyenerera wophunzira maphunziro a kampani yamaphunziro.

Emmy Noether

Mphunzitsi wina woyenera anabadwira m'banja la a masamu Max Noether wa Erlangen. Pa nthawi ya kufika kwake, atsikanawo analoledwa kulowa ku yunivesite, ndipo adalembetsa ku chiwerengero cha ophunzira. Anaphunzira ndi Paul Gordan, anathandizanso Emmy kuti ateteze chiphunzitso cha anthu opanduka. Mu 1915, Noether anathandiza kwambiri pantchitoyi pa chiphunzitso chogwirizana. Albert Einstein mwiniwakeyo adakondwera ndi kuwerengera kwake. Katswiri wamasamu, Gilbert, ankafuna kumupanga pulofesa wothandizira pa yunivesite ya Goettingen, koma tsankho la aphunzitsi silinamulolere Emmy kupeza ntchito. Komabe, nthawi zambiri ankalankhula. Mu 1919, adakwanitsa kupeza malo oyenerera, ndipo mu 1922 anakhala pulofesa wa nthawi zonse. Anali Neter amene adalenga malangizo a algebra. Owerenga Emmy anakumbukira ngati mkazi wodabwitsa komanso wokongola. Yolingana ndi akatswiri ake otsogolera kutsogolera, kuphatikizapo asayansi achi Russia ndi a masamu. Ntchito yake imakhudza sayansi mpaka lero.

Nikolay Lobachevsky

Masamu oyamba asayansi nthawi zambiri amapindula motere kotero kuti tanthauzo lawo likuwonekera m'ma sayansi amakono. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi Nikolai Lobachevsky. Kuchokera mu 1802 mpaka 1807 iye adaphunzira ku masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo adalembetsa ku yunivesite ya Kazan komwe adadziwika ndi sayansi yake yamaphunziro ndi masamu, ndipo mu 1811 adalandira digiri ya master ndipo anayamba kukonzekera a professorship. M'chaka cha 1826 analemba buku lothandizira chiyambi cha geometry, lomwe linasintha lingaliro la malo. Mu 1827 adakhala woyang'anira yunivesite. Kwa zaka zambiri, adayambitsa ntchito zingapo pofufuza masamu, mufizikiki ndi makina, ndipo adawunikira maphunziro apamwamba a algebra kupita kumalo ena. Kuwonjezera apo, malingaliro ake adakhudza ngakhale zithunzi za Russian - zochitika za Lobachevsky zikuwonekera mu ntchito ya Khlebnikov ndi Malevich.

Henri Poincare

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri mphambu makumi awiri, akatswiri ambiri a masamu ankagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chogwirizana. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Henri Poincaré. Malingaliro ake sankavomerezedwa mu nthawi za Soviet, kotero asayansi achi Russia anagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chake pokhapokha mu ntchito yapadera - popanda iwo kunali kosatheka kuphunzira mwakhama masamu, fizikiya kapena zakuthambo. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, Henri Poincaré anapanga chiphunzitso cha mphamvu ndi chipolopolo. Patapita nthaŵi, ntchito yake inakhala maziko ophunzirira mfundo zokhudzana ndi zovuta, zoopsa, chiwerengero cha anthu komanso macroeconomic. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti adzivomereze yekha kuvomereza zolephera za sayansi ya kuzindikira komanso ngakhale atapereka buku lafilosofi kwa izi. Kuonjezera apo, adalemba nkhani yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoyamba - zaka khumi Einstein asanafike.

Sofya Kovalevskaya

Ndi ochepa chabe a akazi a ku Russia omwe asayansi omwe ali mmunda wa masamu amaimiridwa mu mbiriyakale. Sofya Kovalevskaya anabadwa mu January 1850. Iye sanali katswiri wa masamu okha, komanso wofalitsa, komanso mayi woyamba amene adakhala membala woyenerera wa Sukulu ya St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Akatswiri a masamu anasankha popanda kutsutsa. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1869, adaphunzira ku Heidelberg, ndipo pofika m'chaka cha 1874 adapereka ntchito zitatu kwa asayansi, chifukwa cha yunivesite ya Goettingen anam'patsa dzina la Dokotala wa Philosophy. Komabe, ku Russia sanathe kupeza malo ku yunivesite. Mu 1888 analemba kalata yokhudza kutembenuka kwa thupi lolimba, limene analandira mphoto kuchokera ku Swedish Academy of Sciences. Analinso ndi chilengedwe cholembedwa - cholembera chake ndi cha "Nihilistka" ndi sewero lakuti "Kulimbana ndi Chimwemwe", komanso mbiri ya banja "Memories of Childhood", yolembedwa za moyo wa kumapeto kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi.

Evariste Galois

Akatswiri a masamu a ku France atulukira zinthu zambiri zofunika m'magulu a algebra ndi geometry. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri apamwamba anali Evariste Galois, yemwe anabadwa mu October 1811, pafupi ndi Paris. Chifukwa cha kukonzekera mwakhama adalowa mu Lyceum wa Louis Wamkulu. Kale mu 1828, adafalitsa ntchito yoyamba, yomwe inafotokozera mutu wa magawo omwe amapitirira nthawi zonse. Mu 1830, adaloledwa ku Sukulu Yachizolowezi, koma patatha chaka chimodzi adachotsedwa chifukwa cha khalidwe losavomerezeka. Wasayansi wina waluso anayamba ntchito yatsopano ndipo kale mu 1832 anamaliza maphunziro ake masiku ake. Pambuyo pake, panali chifuno chomwe chinali ndi maziko a masiku ano algebra ndi geometry, komanso mndandanda wa zopanda pake-chiphunzitso ichi chinatchedwa Galois.

Pierre Fermat

Akatswiri ena a masamu asiya chizindikiro chachikulu chotero kuti ntchito yawo ikuwerengabebe. Zolemba za Fermat sizinawonongeke kwa nthawi yayitali, kuzunzika maganizo abwino. Ndipo izi zilibe kanthu kuti Pierre anagwira ntchito m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri. Iye anabadwa mu August 1601, m'banja la a consul. Kuphatikiza pa sayansi yeniyeni, Fermat ankadziwa bwinobwino zinenero - Chilatini, Chigiriki, Chisipanishi, Chiitaliya, komanso anali wotchuka monga wolemba mbiri wabwino wakale. Mwa ntchito yake, anasankha milandu. Ku Orleans, adalandira digiri ya bachelor, kenako adasamukira ku Toulouse, komwe adakhala mlangizi wa nyumba yamalamulo. Moyo wake wonse analemba zolemba zamasamu, zomwe zinakhala maziko a zojambula za geometry. Koma zopereka zonse zomwe adazipanga zinayesedwa pokhapokha atafa - ntchito iliyonse isanatuluke. Ntchito zofunikira kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa masamu, njira zowerengera, zikuluzikulu ndi zing'onozing'ono, miyala ndi mapepala.

Carl Gauss

Osati onse a masamu ndi zomwe apeza zikukumbukiridwa m'mbiri ya anthu monga Gauss. Chiwerengero cha ku Germany chinabadwa mu April 1777. Ngakhale adakali mwana, adaonetsa luso lake la masamu, ndipo kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri iye anali katswiri wodziwika komanso wovomerezeka ndi membala wa Academy of Sciences. Iye adalenga ntchito yofunikira pa chiwerengero cha algebra ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba. Gawo lalikulu lothandizira kuthetsa vuto la kumanga ngongole yolondola ya sevente, pogwiritsa ntchito izo, Gauss anayamba kupanga ndondomeko yolumikiza kayendetsedwe ka dziko lapansi kuchokera ku maumboni angapo. Ntchito yayikulu "Lingaliro la kuyenda kwa mathambo akumwamba" linakhala maziko a zakuthambo zamakono. Dzina lake ndilo gawo pa mapu a Mwezi.

Carl Weierstrass

Katswiri wa masamu wa ku Germany anabadwira ku Ostenfeld. Anaphunzira ku chipatala, koma adakonda kuphunzira masamu zaka zonsezi. Mu 1840 iye analemba pepala lokhala ndi zintchito. Zidatulukira kale zowonjezera zomwe zasintha. Chiphunzitso cholimba cha Weierstrass chinali maziko a masamu. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1842, Mr .. adagwira ntchito monga mphunzitsi, ndipo nthawi yake yopambana ankachita kafukufuku. Mu 1854 iye adafalitsa nkhani za ntchito za Abelian ndipo adalandira udindo wa Dokotala wa University of Koenigsberg. Asayansi otsogolera adasindikiza ndemanga zokhudzana ndi iye. Mu 1856, nkhani ina yodabwitsa inayamba kuwala, ndipo kenako Weierstrass adavomerezedwa ngati pulofesa ku yunivesite ya Berlin, ndipo adamupanga kukhala membala wa Academy of Sciences. Mphamvu yosangalatsa ya phunziroli inamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha nambala yeniyeni, anathetsa mavuto ambiri a makina ndi geometry. Mu 1897, adamwalira chifukwa cha chimfine chovuta. Dzina lake ndi mgwirizano wa mwezi ndi Berlin Mathematical Institute yamakono. Weierstrass amadziwikanso kuti ndi mmodzi mwa aphunzitsi apamwamba kwambiri m'mbiri ya Germany ndi dziko lapansi.

Jean Baptiste Fourier

Dzina la sayansi uyu ndi lodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Fourier anali mphunzitsi ku Paris Polytechnic School. Pa nthawi ya Napoleon adagwira nawo nkhondo, ndipo pambuyo pake adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Ysera, kumene adagwira ntchito yotsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha fizikia - anayamba kuphunzira kuphunzira. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1816, anali membala wa Paris Academy of Sciences ndipo anafalitsa ntchito yake. Iye anali wodzipereka ku lingaliro lodziwika la kutentha. Asanamwalire mu May 1830, adafalitsanso maphunziro pa kutentha kwa dzuwa, kuwerengera kwa mizu ya algebraic equations, ndi njira za Isaac Newton. Kuonjezerapo, adayambitsa njira yosonyeza ntchito monga trigonometric series. Tsopano amadziwika ndi dzina la Fourier. Wasayansi nayenso anatha kusintha mawonekedwe a ntchito ndi chithandizo chofunikira - njira iyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu sayansi yamakono. Fourier anatsimikizira kuti mzere uliwonse wosasunthika ukhoza kuimiridwa ndi kufotokozera kamodzi. Mu 1823 anapeza zotsatira zamagetsi ndi malo okongoletsera. Dzina la Jean Baptiste Fourier limagwirizanitsidwa ndi ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana ndi zofukulidwa zomwe ziri zofunika kwa wamasamu aliyense wamasamu kapena fizikikino wamakono.