AD Sakharov: ntchito za biography, zasayansi ndi za ufulu waumunthu

Great asayansi Soviet zimadziwika padziko lonse. Mmodzi wa iwo - Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov, wasayansi chithunzi anthu. Iye analemba imodzi mwa ntchito choyamba pa kukhazikitsa zimene nyukiliya, kotero akukhulupirira kuti shuga - 'tate' wa bomba wa hydrogen m'dziko lathu. Sakharov, Anatoly ndi academician wa Academy of Sciences wa USSR, Professor, Doctor wa thupi ndi masamu Sciences. Mu 1975 iye analandira Nobel Peace Prize.

Wasayansi tsogolo anabadwa mu Moscow pa May 21, 1921 bambo ake anali Saharov Dmitriy Ivanovich, ndi sayansi. Woyamba zaka zisanu Andrei Dmitrievich anaphunzira kunyumba. Pambuyo zaka 5 kuphunzira kusukulu, kumene Sakharov motsogoleredwa ndi bambo ake anali kwambiri chinkhoswe mu sayansi ankachititsa zatsopano zambiri.

Maphunziro ku yunivesite, ntchito pa fakitale munitions

Andrei Dmitrievich mu 1938, analowa Moscow State University Dipatimenti ya Physics. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, pamodzi ndi University of Sakharov anapita ku gulu la Turkmenistan (Ashgabat). Andrei anachita chidwi mchiphunzitso cha relativity ndi kwadzidzidzi zimango. Mu 1942 anamaliza Moscow State University ulemu. Wophunzira yunivesite Sakharov ankaona zabwino mwa onse amene munawerengako pa khalidwe limeneli.

Pofika kumapeto kwa Moscow State University Andrew D. ndinakana kukhala sukulu maphunziro kuti atadwala Professor A. A. Vlasov. A. D. Saharov, kukhala katswiri mu munda wa zitsulo chitetezo, ananditumiza ku fakitale lankhondo la Kovrov (Vladimir dera), ndiyeno Ulyanovsk. zovuta anali zikhalidwe za moyo ndi ntchito, koma mu zaka izi, Andrei anapanga chidali chifuniro chake choyamba. Iye akufuna chipangizo chimene chimathandiza kuchepetsa Kuthetsa ya zida kuboola pachimake.

Kukwatiwa ndi Vihirevoy KA

Chochitika chofunika mu moyo wa Sakharov anali mu 1943 - wasayansi anakwatira Vihirevoy Klavdii Alekseevne (zaka za moyo - 1919-1969). Iye anachokera ku Ulyanovsk, ntchito mofanana fakitale monga Sakharov. Banjalo ana atatu - mwana ndi aakazi awiri. Chifukwa cha nkhondo, ndipo kenako chifukwa cha kubadwa kwa ana mkazi Sakharov osati maphunziro a ku yunivesite. Pachifukwa ichi, ndiye, atasamukira Sakharov mu Moscow, zinali zovuta kupeza ntchito yabwino.

maphunziro kumadera osiyanasiyana akamaliza maphunziro PhD nkhani yolembedwa

Sakharov anabwerera ku Moscow pambuyo pa nkhondo mu 1945, iye anapitiriza wake maphunziro. Iye pasukulu maphunziro kuti E. I. Tammu, odziwika ongolankhula wasayansi, kuphunzira pa Institute of Physics. P. N. Lebedeva. A. D. Saharov ankafuna ntchito pa mavuto chachikulu sayansi. Mu 1947, PhD wake nkhani yolembedwa inali kuperekedwa. Mutu wa ntchito akhala sanali radiative kusintha nyukiliya. Mmenemo wasayansi akufuna lamulo latsopano kuti ayenera kuchitidwa ndi kusankha adzapereke parity. Iye anapereka njira mlandu mogwirizana wa elekitironi ndi positron awiriawiri akangobadwa.

Ntchito pa "chinthu" mayeso bomba wa hydrogen

Mu 1948, A. D. Saharov anaphatikizidwa chisawawa gulu, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi I. E. Tamm. Ake cholinga inali ndemanga pa ntchito ya haidrojeni bomba, zopangidwa ndi gulu la Ya. B. Zeldovicha. Andrei posachedwa anapereka asilikali ake bomba limene zigawo za ureniamu zachilengedwe ndi deuterium anaikidwa mozungulira mtima wamba atomiki. Pamene phata kuyaka moto ionized ureniamu kwambiri kumawonjezera osalimba a deuterium. Komanso kumawonjezera mlingo pa zimene maphatikizidwe anachita, ndiponso mchikakamizo cha neutrons kudya ayamba kugawa. Mfundo imeneyi lowonjezera V. L. Ginzburg, amene akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito bomba lifiyamu-6 deuteride. Kuyambira izo pansi pa zotsatira za neutrons pang'onopang'ono, tritium aumbike, womwe umagwira kwambiri nyukiliya mafuta.

M'chaka cha 1950 ndi maganizo gulu Tamm a anauzidwa pafupifupi mphamvu zonse pa "chinthu" - chinsinsi pakati ogwira nyukiliya mu mzinda wa Sarov. Apa, asayansi ntchito pa polojekiti, chawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa achinyamata ofufuza. gululi kunapangitsa mayeso oyamba a bomba wa hydrogen mu USSR, lomwe bwinobwino unachitikira pa August 12, 1953 bomba Ichi chikudziwika ngati "Sakharov kuwomba".

Kale chaka chamawa, January 4, 1954, Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov anakhala Hero wa Socialist Labor, ndipo analandira Mendulo "Hammer ndi chikwakwa." Chaka chimodzi zimenezi zisanachitike, mu 1953, wasayansi anakhala academician wa Academy of Sciences wa USSR.

Mayeso latsopano ndi zotsatira zake

Gulu, amene ankapita ndi A. D. Saharov, tira pa maphatikizidwe mafuta psinjika ntchito cheza chifukwa cha kuphulika la kuyang'anira atomiki. Mu November 1955, ikuchitika mayeso bwino bomba wa hydrogen latsopano. Komabe, nuwaphimba ndi imfa ya msilikali ndi msungwana, ndi kuvulaza anthu ambiri, amene anali pa mtunda wautali pa malo. Izi, komanso misa kuchotsedwa kwa anthu ochokera m'madera ozungulira anatsogolera Sakharov kuganizira kwambiri za mavuto amene yomwe ingathe mabomba a nyukiliya. Iye chikachitike n'chiyani ngati mphamvu zoopsa mwadzidzidzi amapita kulamulira.

malingaliro Sakharov ndi maziko kufufuza zikuluzikulu

Imodzi ndi ntchito pa bomba la haidrojeni Sakharov pamodzi ndi Tamm mu 1950 iye akufuna lingaliro la mmene kukhazikitsa ndi maginito plasma m'ndende. Asayansi anapanga kuthetsa chachikulu nkhani. Ndiponso mwini lingaliro ndi kuwerengetsera kupanga minda amphamvu maginito, ndi kuchepetsa wa kamwazi maginito kuchititsa cylindrical chipolopolo. Wasayansi kuphunzira nkhani zimenezi mu 1952. Mu 1961, Andrei Sakharov akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito psinjika laser kuti alandire ankalamulira nyukiliya anachita. malingaliro Sakharov a anaika maziko Kafukufuku zikuluzikulu imachitika m'munda wa maphatikizidwe mphamvu.

Nkhani awiri Sakharov za kuipa kwa mpweya wa poizoni

Mu 1958 Sakharov anapereka nkhani ziwiri pa mavuto cha mpweya wa poizoni chifukwa mabomba, ndi kukopa kwake pa chibadwa. Motero, monga taonera ndi wasayansi ndi, yafupika pafupifupi kutalika moyo wa anthu. Malinga Saharova Akuti tsogolo megaton aliyense mkangano ndi 10 zikwi milandu khansa.

Andrei Dmitrievich mu 1958 sizinathandize akuyesetsa kuchititsa chisankho zokulitsa USSR analengeza moratorium awo pa mabomba a nyukiliya. Mu 1961, moratorium anali mawu mayeso champhamvu cha bomba wa hydrogen (50 megaton). Iwo anali m'malo ndale kuposa tanthauzo asilikali. Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov March 7, 1962 anali Mendulo chachitatu "Hammer ndi chikwakwa."

ntchito panja

Mu 1962, Sakharov analimbana kwambiri ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi anzawo pa chitukuko cha zida ndi kufunika liletse mayesero ake. Kutsutsana anali zabwino - mu 1963 mu Moscow zinasaina pangano loletsa kuyezetsa zida za nyukiliya mapangidwe onse atatu.

Tikumbukenso kuti zofuna za Andrei Dmitrievich kale mu zaka amenewo si zokhazo basi kuti sayansi ya nyukiliya. Wasayansi anatsogolera yogwira cikhalidwe. Mu 1958, Sakharov anatsutsa mapulani Khrushchev, amene anali kukonzekera kuchepetsa nthawi ya sekondale. Patapita zaka zingapo, pamodzi ndi anzawo Andrei kuchotsa chikoka cha T. D. Lysenko chibadwa Soviet.

Sakharov mu 1964, analankhula pa Academy of Sciences ndi kulankhula limene linalankhula ndi chisankho cha academician zamoyo Ni Nuzhdina, kenako sanakhale nawo. Andrei ankaona kuti zamoyo, monga T. D. Lysenko, amene katundu, manyazi tsamba mu chitukuko cha sayansi Russian.

Scientist mu 1966, yolembedwa kalata 23 TH Congress wa CPSU. kalatayi ( "25 otchuka") anthu otchuka kutsutsa konzanso wa Stalin. Iwo ananena kuti "tsoka lalikulu" anthu adzakhala kuyesa kutsitsimutsa kusalolera dissent - ndondomeko yomwe Stalin anathera. Mu chaka chomwecho, Sakharov anakumana ndi R. A. Medvedevym, amene analemba buku Stalin. Izo zinakhudza maganizo a Andrei Dmitrievich. Mu February 1967, wasayansi watumiza kalata yake yoyamba kwa Brezhnev, amene ankalimbikitsa otsutsa anayi. Yankho amphamvu za akuluakulu a anali kuwamana Sakharov imodzi mwa nsanamira awiriwo amene unachitikira ku "chinthu".

Nkhani Ndondomeko, kuyimitsidwa ntchito pa "chinthu"

Mu TV yachilendo lofalitsidwa nkhani ndi Andrei Dmitrievich, amene anasonyeza pa patsogolo ufulu ozindikira ndipo coexistence mtendere June 1968. Wasayansi analankhula za kuopsa zachilengedwe kudziletsa poizoni, chiwonongeko nyukiliya, dehumanization wa umunthu. Sakharov ananena kuti pali muyenera kuti mgwirizano wa kachitidwe capitalist ndi zokomera. Iye analembanso za milandu imene inachitika ndi Stalin, kuti mu USSR palibe demokalase.

M'nkhaniyi, wasayansi-Ndondomeko anaitana chiyembekezo chakuti mayesero ndale ndi kufufuza motsutsa kuika otsutsa mu zipatala bongo. yankho boma Kenako mwamsanga ndi Andrei Dmitrievich anali inaimitsidwa kuntchito malo obisika. Iye anataya posts ake onse, mwanjira ina chikugwirizana ndi zinsinsi asilikali. Tinakumana ndi A. D. Saharova A. I. Solzhenitsynym unachitikira August 26, 1968 kwavumbulutsidwa kuti ali maganizo pa kusintha chikhalidwe, imene dziko likusowa.

Imfa ya mkazi wake, ntchito ya FIAN

Pambuyo ndi zinthu zomvetsa chisoni mu moyo wake Sakharov - mu March 1969 mkazi wake anamwalira, kusiya wasayansi mu mkhalidwe kusimidwa, yomwe kenako m'malo gone kwa zaka zambiri wachabechabe wauzimu. I. E. Tamm, amene pa nthawi yopita pa ongolankhula Dipatimenti ya FIAN, analembera kalata Keldysh, Pulezidenti wa USSR. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi ziletso mwina pa Andrei Dmitrievich June 30, 1969 anakawagoneka Dipatimenti ya Institute. Apa anayamba ntchito ya sayansi, kukhala kafukufuku pakampanipo. udindo uwu unali kunsi kwa onse, kodi kupeza Soviet academician.

anapitiriza kulimbikitsa

Pakati pa 1967 ndi 1980, wasayansi walemba oposa 15 zokhudza sayansi. Kenako anayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu ya moyo chikhalidwe, koposa musati kutsatira malamulo a mabwalo boma. Andrei anayambitsa akuchonderera kuti amasule zokometsera ufulu wa anthu Jean A. Medvedev ndi P. Grigorenko ku zipatala bongo. Pamodzi ndi R. A. Medvedevym ndi wasayansi V. Turchin wasayansi anatulutsa "Memorandum wa demokalase ndi ufulu womasuka."

Sakharov anabwera Kaluga, kutenga nawo mbali mu picketing mwa bwalo kumene mlandu wa otsutsa ndi kuti adatengedwa B. Weill ndi R. Pimenov. Mu November 1970, Andrei, pamodzi ndi sayansi Tverdokhlebov A. ndi B. Chalidze anayambitsa Yoona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, amene ntchito anali kugwiritsa mfundo zidayika ndi Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Pamodzi ndi Academician Leontovichem M. A. mu 1971, Sakharov anatsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito maganizo zolinga zandale, komanso pa ufulu wa kubweranso kwa Crimea Chitata, chifukwa cha ufulu wa chipembedzo, kuti German ndipo Ayuda emigration.

Kukwatiwa ndi Bonner E. G., kampeni Sakharov yolimbana

Kukwatiwa ndi Bonner Elene Grigorevne (zaka za moyo - 1923-2011) chinachitika mu 1972. Scientist akumane ndi mkazi mu 1970 mu Kaluga, pamene iye anapita pa mayesero. Kukhala mnzake ndi mnzake wokhulupirika kwa mwamuna wake, Elena G. lolunjika ntchito Sakharov kuteteza ufulu wa anthu. Kuyambira tsopano pa zolembedwa pulogalamu Sakharov ankaona monga nzika kutsutsana. Komabe, mu 1977, ongolankhula sayansi koma anasaina kalatayi limodzi yopita ku Supreme Soviet Presidium, amene analankhula za kufunika kupasula chilango cha imfa, ndi Amnesty.

Mu 1973, Sakharov anapereka kuyankhulana kwa US Stenholmu, anauza Radio Sweden. , Iye analankhula za chikhalidwe cha dongosolo ndiye Soviet. Wachiwiri Loya General Andrei Dmitrievich anapulumutsa chenjezo, koma, ngakhale, wasayansi anapangitsa msonkhano wa atolankhani kwa khumi atolankhani Western. Iye anadzudzula kuopseza kuzunzidwa. Anayankha zimenezi ndi kalata ya maphunziro 40, lofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala "Pravda". Ichi chinali chiyambi cha kampeni njiru ndi ntchito zokhudza Andrei Dmitrievich. Pa mbali yake anali olimbikitsa anthu ufulu, ndipo akatswiri Western ndi andale. A. I. Solzhenitsyn adafotokoza wasayansi mphoto ya Nobel Peace Prize.

Woyamba njala sitalaka buku Sakharov

Mu September 1973, pamene mukupitiriza nkhondo lamanja la aliyense kusamuka, Sakharov anatumiza kalata kwa Congress US, amene anathandiza Jackson. Chaka chotsatiracho, Richard Nixon, US pulezidenti, Yafika mu Moscow. Mu ulendo Sakharov anakhala wake woyamba njala amenye. Iye akhaapatisa zoyankhulana TV kuti akope tcheru anthu ku mavuto a akaidi a zandale.

E. G. Bonner pa maziko a linapereka ovutika French analandira Sakharov, anayambitsa Foundation ana a akaidi a zandale. Andrei Dmitrievich mu 1975 anakumana ndi Bambo Bell, wotchuka German wolemba. Pamodzi ndi iye, anapanga apilo umalimbana chitetezo cha akayidi andale. Komanso mu 1975, wasayansi mu West chikalata buku lotchedwa "The dziko ndi dziko." Iwo Sakharov ndi maganizo a democratization, Kusiya, ndi mgwirizano wa kukonzanso chuma ndi ndale, njira mgwirizano.

The Nobel Peace Prize (1975)

The Nobel Peace Prize anali amaitcha kuti academician waweruzidwa mu October 1975 analandira mphoto ya mkazi wake, amene woyesedwa kunja. Iye analengeza izo Sakharov an'funa pamwambowu. Mmenemo wasayansi wotchedwa kwa "Kusiya weniweniwo" ndi "détente woona", ndi Amnesty ndale mu dziko, komanso kuti ambiri amasulidwe akaidi onse a chikumbumtima. Tsiku lotsatira, mkazi Sakharov anachititsa ndi wake Nobel nkhani "Mtendere, chitukuko Ufulu Wachibadwidwe". Iwo academician ankanena kuti onse atatu zolinga izi zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mzake.

Milandu ulalo

Ngakhale kuti Sakharov mwachangu anatsutsa Soviet boma mlandu boma ndi iye sanandipeze ndi mlandu mpaka 1980 anali atapereka monga wasayansi anadzudzula Soviet nkhondo ya Afghanistan. January 8, 1980 makirediti onse anapatsidwa mphoto kale boma Sakharov. Akulumikiza anayamba pa January 22 pamene iye anatumizidwa kwa Gorky (tsopano Nizhny Novgorod), pamene iye anali m'ndende panyumba. Pansipa ukufanizidwa mu chithunzi kunyumba Gorky, kumene ankakhala Academician.

Sakharov ndi njala kuponya pa ufulu E. G. Bonner kusiya

M'chaka cha 1984 Andrei Dmitrievich unachitikira njala kunyanyala kwa lamanja la mkazi wake pa ulendo wa United States zochizira ndi misonkhano ndi achibale. Iye anali limodzi ndi zopweteka amakakamizidwa kudya ndi m'chipatala, koma sanali kubweretsa zotsatira.

Mu April-September 1985, otsiriza njala kuponya academician, anatsatira zolinga akale. Only mu July 1985 E. G. Bonner anapatsidwa chilolezo kusiya. Izi zinachitika pambuyo Sakharov anatumiza kalata kwa Gorbachev ndi lonjezo kusiya maonekedwe awo onse ndi mtima wonse azimvetsera ntchito ya sayansi, ngati ulendo adzaloledwa.

chaka chatha wa moyo

Mu March 1989, Sakharov anakhala wachiwiri kwa anthu a Supreme Soviet la USSR. Scientific kuganiza kwambiri za lisinthe dongosolo mu Soviet Union. Mu November 1989, Sakharov anapereka kusodza malamulo, zomwe zinali zochokera chitetezo cha anthu ndiponso ufulu wa anthu ku statehood.

Wambiri Andreya Saharova itha December 14, 1989, pambuyo patsiku wotanganidwa pa Congress cha akuluakulu anthu, iye anamwalira. Zinaonekera pa autopsy, mtima wa academician kwathunthu wolema. Mu Moscow, pa Vostryakovsky manda apuma 'tate' wa bomba wa hydrogen, komanso ndi womenya kwambiri za ufulu wa anthu.

Sakharov Foundation

The pokumbukira wasayansi wamkulu ndi maonekedwe onse akukhala mu mitima ya ambiri. Mu 1989, dziko lathu linapangidwa ndi Andrei Sakharov Foundation, omwe cholinga chawo - kuteteza kukumbukira Sakharov, kulimbikitsa maganizo ake, komanso kuteteza ufulu wa anthu. Mu 1990, Maziko anaonekera mu United States. Elena Bonner, mkazi wa academician ya kalekale wapampando wa mabungwe awiri. Anamwalira pa June 18, 2011 a mtima.

Mu chithunzi pamwambapa - chipilala kuti Sakharov, unakhazikitsidwa mu St. Petersburg. Dera kumene ili, amadziwika ndi mayina wake ulemu. opindula Soviet Nobel Prize si aiwala, umboni ndi maluwa anaika mu moyandikana misewu awo ndi manda.