Minofu yokhudzana ndi maselo ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi kwachinthu chilichonse

Mitundu ya mamolekyulu, monga misala ya atomu, ndi yaing'ono kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, powerengera, kuyerekezera ndi atomuki yamagulu ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chiwerengero cha maselo olemera a kakompyuta ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi komwe kuli kofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwake kwa molekyulu ya palimodzi kufika pa 1/12 gawo la atomu ya mpweya. Chizindikirochi chimasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwake kwa kamolekyu lonse kupitirira 1/12 gawo la kulemera kwake kwa kapangidwe kake kabwino ndipo, monga mtengo uliwonse wapatali, alibe mtundu ndipo umasankhidwa ndi "Bambo".

Mr (compound) = mamita (molecule) / 1/12 m (C). Komabe, pakuchita, chiwembu chowerengera ichi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malingana ndi izo, maselo ofanana kwambiri ndi ofanana ndi chiwerengero chonse cha ma atomic aatali (Ar) a zinthu zonse zomwe zimapanga gawo lopatsidwa, kulingalira chiwerengero cha zigawo zoyambirira za chinthu chilichonse, mwachitsanzo. Zingakonzedwe mwachindunji monga:

Mr (B1xC1y) = x * Ar (B1) + y * Ar (C1).

Kuti muzindikire molondola mtengo umenewu muyenera:

1. Dziwani mtundu wa mankhwalawo;
2. Sankhani Ar mu tebulo la DI Mendeleyev (kotero ngati chiwerengero pambuyo pa decimal chifanana kapena chizoloŵezi cha 5, ndiye kuti pozungulira zonsezo akuwonjezera unit: Mwachitsanzo, Ar (Li) = 6, 941, powerengera timagwiritsa ntchito nambala Ndili ofanana ndi 7, ndipo ngati nambalayi ili yosachepera 5, ndiye yeniyeni monga: Ar (K) = 39,098, kutanthauza kuti timatenga 39).
3. Powerengera Mayi, sitimayiwala kulingalira chiwerengero cha atomu, mwachitsanzo, Ma indices omwe amaima mu zigawo za gulu lojowina.

Mlingo wolemera kwambiri wa maselo, womwe umatchulidwa pamwambapa, umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mankhwala ovuta. Chifukwa kuwerengera mtengo woperekedwa kwa mankhwala osavuta ndikokwanira kuzindikira kokha kuchuluka kwa atomuki ndi tebulo la periodic ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, kuwonjezeka ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo zapachiyambi. Mwachitsanzo: Mr (P) = Ar (P) = 31 ndi Mr (N ₂ ) = 2 * Ar (N) = 2 * 14 = 18.

Tiyeni tikambirane chitsanzo china ndikupeza kuti maselo ofunika kwambiri a madzi ndi chiyani. Mchitidwe wapamwamba wa chinthu ichi ndi H ₂ O, mwachitsanzo. Amakhala ndi ma atomu a haidrojeni 2 ndi atomu 1 oksijeni. Choncho, nkhani yothetsera yowoneka ngati iyi:

Mr (H ₂ O) = 2 * Ar (H) + Ar (O) = 2 * 1 + 16 = 18

Zingathe kulembedwa mwachidule, kutsegula kalata. Chiwerengerochi chikuwonetsa kuti Mayi ali ndi zaka 18 zazikulu kusiyana ndi 1/12 wa misala ya pulasitiki. Mofananamo, chiwerengero cha maselo amadzimadzi aliwonse amadziwika, pokhapokha ngati chidziwitso chake chimadziwika. Komanso, pogwiritsa ntchito phindu limeneli, n'zotheka kubwezeretsa chidziwitso chokwanira komanso chokwanira cha zinthu zosadziwika, kukhazikitsa zomwe zili ndi nuclides. Mwachizoloŵezi, njira zakuthupi, monga: distillation, masewera ochuluka kwambiri, gasi chromatography , etc., amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwitsa Mr substance. Kuwona ma polimawa akugwiritsa ntchito njira zochokera kuzinthu zowonongeka (zoganizira kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano wawiri, gulu logwira ntchito, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, omwe amatha kufalitsa kuwala).

Momwemonso, maselo ofanana ndi ofanana mu chinthu chilichonse ndipo adzakhala munthu payekha. Mtengo umenewu umatsimikiziridwa pa mankhwala ophweka komanso ovuta , osakaniza komanso opangidwa ndi organic. Zizindikiro zake ndizofunikira kwambiri pophunzira ndi kuphatikizapo mapuloteni omwe zimadalira mphamvu ya maselo.