Sopo la mankhwala. Kupanga sopo

Sopo wamtundu wanji lero! Multicolored, yowala, yokongola. Pali zowonekera, zomwe mayesero amawonekera kapena fruktiki, zithunzi zosiyana. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri kwa ana, yomwe imapangidwa ngati mawonekedwe okonda kujambula, nyama zokongola ndi zina. Kawirikawiri, opanga sopo akuyesetsa kwambiri. Koma kodi mankhwalawa ndi ndani? Kodi mankhwala ake ndi otani, ndi liti pamene adawonekera ndipo amapeza motani? Tiyeni tiyesere kumvetsa.

Mankhwala owopsa a sopo

Kuchokera ku lingaliro la sayansi, mankhwalawa ndi chifukwa cha alkaline hydrolysis ya mafuta kapena mafuta. Nthawi yoyamba yomwe sopo ndi mafuta akufanana, Michel Shevrel, katswiri wamatsitsi wa ku France, anaganiza. Pafupifupi moyo wake wonse adaphunzira kulemera kwa acids. Choncho, iye ndi woyenera kufotokozera za kupanga mafuta, ndipo chifukwa chake, ndi sopo.

Chevrel adanena kuti ngati mankhwala apamwamba otchedwa trihydric alcoholic glycerin omwe ali ndi magulu atatu a hydrox amakhudzidwa ndi asidi omwe ali ndi R-COOH, ndiye triglycerides, esters of acid, adzapanga. Iwo adzakhala olemera. Ngati mankhwalawa akuchitidwa mu mchere, mankhwalawa adzachitapo kanthu ndi NaOH (KOH) kupanga sopo.

Pambuyo pake, mfundo zotsatiridwazi zinalimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe Berthelot anafufuza pa labotale. Kawirikawiri kulengedwa kwa sopo zosiyanasiyana kumaphatikizapo zigawo zotsatirazi:

• Madzi;
• Oleic acid ;
• Naphthenic acids;
• Chithunzi;
• Palmitic;
• Rosin;
• Sodium hydroxide kapena potaziyamu hydroxide.

Choncho, mankhwalawa amalembedwa motere: R-COOMe, pamene R imakhala ndi ma atomu okwana 8 mpaka 20 kapena ambiri. Ine ndizitsulo, zamchere kapena zamchere.

Ngati tilankhula za chizolowezi chomwe chimakhala chotsuka zovala, sopo amawoneka ngati izi: C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COONa. Zikuphatikizapo:

• Stearic acid;
• Soda;
• Rosin;
• Madzi;
• Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito kokonati mafuta.

M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kupanga mtundu woterewu kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana, choncho nthawi zambiri zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana ndi zojambula, mtundu, ndi kutsuka kwabwino. Choncho, mankhwalawa sopo amadziwika bwino. Chemistry imapereka tanthauzo lotsatila kwa mankhwala awa: awa ndi amchere a apamwamba a carboxylic acids, omwe ali ndi zitsulo zamchere za alkali kapena zamchere.

Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ziyenera kuzindikiranso kuti malondawa amasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi chiwerengero cha dziko, kuwonetsetsa, kununkhira ndi zina zagwirizano. Chilichonse chimadalira mtundu wa mankhwala ndi kupanga.

Msuzi wa sopo wamadzi

Wotchuka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, detergent ndi mankhwala. Zili bwino, zikuwoneka kuti zimakhala zosavuta khungu la manja ndipo zimakhala zokondweretsa kusumba. Choncho, sopo wamadzi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yambiri ya salt. Kodi amasiyana bwanji ndi olimba ndipo ndichifukwa chiyani kusiyana kotere kumagulu osiyanasiyana?

Zikuoneka kuti chinthu chonsecho chiri mu cation metal chomwe chimagwirizanitsa, komanso mu luso lamakono. Msuzi wa sopo, womwe ndi madzi, amawoneka monga: R-COOK. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zolembazo zimaphatikizapo ma ion a potassium. Motero, potaziyamu hydroxide imagwira nawo ntchito.

Makhalidwe enieni a zinthu zoterezi:

• Chisokonezo;
• Zosakaniza;
• Chotsutsana;
• Transparency;
• Kusungunuka bwino.

Sopo wolimba

Kuti mulandire mankhwalawa mudziko lachikhalidwe, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito soda laimu, kapena sodium hydroxide, mukupanga. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ziyenera kuwonetsedwanso kuti ngati ayoni ali m'gululi, mankhwalawa amakhala olimba ndipo osati ayi. Nthawi zambiri amithenga a lithium amapanga sopo omwewo.

Momwemonso, kapangidwe ka sopo imatenga mawonekedwe osiyana: R-COONa, R-COOLi. Kuchokera mmaganizo amtunduwu, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kusintha kwa zinthu sikusintha, sopo limagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chake, kukhala mchere wa zida za carboxylic acid. Zizindikiro za thupi, organoleptic, mawonekedwe apansi - ndizo zokhuza kusintha munthu mwiniwake, kuposa momwe anthu amachitira.

Kulemba

Pali zigawo ziwiri zolekanitsa zinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa m'magulu. Chizindikiro choyamba cha mndandanda ndi mankhwala omwe amapanga. Malinga ndi ndondomeko iyi, pali:

• Sopo wapatali - mafuta amachiza osachepera 60% muzolemba;
• Gawo lapakati-pafupifupi 30%;
• Ulemerero - osaposa 47%.

Maziko osankhidwa angapatsedwe sopo zosiyana zonse zomwe zingapangidwe kunja. Mukhoza kupanga marble, oonekera, ndi zokongoletsera zamkati ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu, zamitundu ndi matte ndi zina zotero. Sopo amatha kufotokozedwa ndi R-COOMe, komabe rosin ndi naphthenic acids, komanso sorbitol, sodium chloride, odonting agents, colorants, preservatives, optimizers, ndi mankhwala ena nthawi zambiri amalowamo mankhwalawo.

Chizindikiro chachiwiri cha mndandanda ndi cholinga cha banja. Choncho, mitundu itatu ya mankhwala ndi yosiyana.

1. Chophimba - chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zodzoladzola kutsuka, kutsuka thupi. Muyenera kukhala ndi luso lopopuka, likhale lofewa ndipo musayambe kukwiya ndi kuuma. Kuti tichite izi, mafuta akuyenera sayenera kugwa mopitirira malire a 72 peresenti.
2. Wapadera - ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zikopa, nsalu, mankhwala ndi zina zotero. Ili ndi zida zapadera zamakono.
3. Chuma - chokonzekera kutsuka zinthu zapakhomo, kutsuka zovala, kuyeretsa ndi zosowa zina zapakhomo.

Msuzi wa sopo kuchokera kumtundu wapitawo sungakhale wosiyana, ukhoza kukhala wowonekera, matte, wachikuda ndi zina zotero. Chiŵerengero cha zigawo zikusiyana malinga ndi ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pangani makampani

Kupanga sopo pamlingo waukulu kumachitika m'mafakitale apadera. Kumeneku, malinga ndi makina opanga makina komanso mapangidwe opangidwa kale, kupanga makope ambiri a mankhwalawa, onse olimba ndi ofunika, amakhazikitsidwa. Makina akuluakulu a zamakono ndi awa:

• Neutralization anachita pakati pa calcined soda ndi mankhwala a hydrolysis wa mafuta (carboxylic acid);
• Kuyanjana ndi caustic soda kapena caustic soda;
• Alkaline hydrolysis ya triglycerides.

Mulimonsemo, mungapeze sopo osiyana pazinthu za thupi.

Mbiri ya kupanga sopo

Zimadziwika kuti anthu ankadziwa za kuphika sopo zaka 6,000 zapitazo, ndiko kuti, ngakhale nthawi yathu isanakwane. Ku Igupto wakale ankaphika phulusa ndi kuwonjezera mafuta ndi kulandira mankhwala omwe ankafuna. Kotero mibadwo yamtsogolo idapitirira kwa zaka zingapo mzere mzere.

Ku Ulaya, kupanga sopo kunali kofooka kwambiri, popeza panalibe yemwe ankasamala za thupi lake, zinali zochititsa manyazi. Ndipo kuyambira mu zaka za m'ma 1800, kupanga sopo kufika pamtunda. Zipangizo zamakono zatsopano zopanga kupanga, sopo zimaphatikizapo mafuta onunkhira ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera, zimakhala zosiyana komanso zosangalatsa kuzigwiritsa ntchito.

Kupanga ndi manja omwe

Kodi mungapange bwanji sopo ndi manja anu? Kodi n'zotheka? Yankho lake ndilolondola: inde, n'zotheka. Masiku ano anthu ambiri apanga bizinesi yawo ndipo amapanga ndalama zambiri.

Ngati muli ndi malingaliro opanga, kulenga ndi kulingalira kosagwirizana, manja osasamala, chikhumbo ndi malo ogwira ntchito, ndiye sivuta kupanga sopo.

Soap Home Technology

Pali njira zitatu zogwiritsira ntchito pokhapokha mutachoka panyumba.

1. Kugula maziko apadera okonzedwa kupanga. Iyi ndi njira yabwino, yotchipa komanso yothamangira momwe mungapangire sopo ndi manja anu. Maziko amenewa adzafuna kuganiza kwanu komanso kuwonjezera pa zonunkhira ndi utoto wofunikira. Ndi pulasitiki ndipo imakhala yosasamala, imatha kupatsidwa mawonekedwe. Komanso, ngati mukufuna, mukhoza kupeza mankhwala oonekera.
2. Kugula sopo yopangidwa popanda zokometsera, utoto ndi zonunkhira zina. Mwachitsanzo, ana. Kenaka pukutani, kusungunuka mu madzi osamba, kenako pitirizani monga momwe zinaliri poyamba.
3. Kuphika kuchokera pachiyambi. Zowopsya kwambiri pokhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi nthawi yowonongeka. Zingatheke monga mwa njira iliyonse yowonjezera mafakitale. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ntchito ndi alkalis ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri. Ndipo osati kunyumba, koma mu chipinda chapadera.