Zolemba Zhukovsky: mndandanda

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky amatengedwa mmodzi wa oyambitsa chikondi romantica ku Russia. Wandakatulo uyu pakati pa ntchito yake adayambitsa mavuto a dziko lapansi la munthu. Monga momwe Belinsky ananenera za iye, chikhalidwe cha Zhukovsky ndi chofunika kwambiri - iye anapereka "moyo ndi mtima" wa ndakatulo za Chirasha.

Zolemba za Zhukovsky zimagogomezera zakukumana ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu wamantha, maganizo ndi maganizo a anthu wamba, zomwe zinapangitsa wolemba ndakatuloyo akufunika kuthana ndi syllable yomwe a classicist ndi omwe adamulembera kale analemba. Chilankhulo cha ntchito chatsopano kwambiri, chokoma, kufotokoza maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a maganizo. Zimaphatikizapo mawu ofotokoza ndi chinenero.

Chiyambi cha ndakatulo

Wolemba ndakatulo anabadwa pa January 29, 1783 kumalire a mapiri a Orel, Kaluga ndi Tula, m'mudzi wa Mishenskoye. Iye anali mwana wapathengo wa mwini chuma, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin ndi mkazi wa Turkey, yemwe mu 1770 a Russia anagwidwa panthawi ya kuphulika kwa Bendery.

Dzina lake, wolemba ndakatulo wam'tsogolo amene analandira kuchokera kwa wachibale wake, Andrei Ivanovich Zhukovsky, wolemekezeka wamwamuna yemwe ankakhala mu malo a Bunin, yemwe anabala mwana wamwamuna. Kotero, iye anathawa udindo wa wapathengo.

Ntchito Zhukovsky (mndandanda)

Wolemba ndakatulo analemba zambiri, kotero ndi kovuta kuti aphimbe ntchito yake m'nkhani imodzi. Komabe, ife tikukupatsani inu ntchito zazikulu za Zhukovsky (mndandanda uli mu nthawi yotsatira).

1. "Mmawa" (1797).
2. "Maganizo Pamtanda" (1797).
3. "Kumidzi Amanda" (1802).
4. "Madzulo" (1806).
5. "Ludmila" (1808).
6. "Svetlana" (1812).
7. "Singer mumsasa wa asilikali achi Russia" (1812).
8. "Aeolian Harp" (1814).
9. "Zosadziwika" (1819).
10. "Tsarskoye Selo Swan" (1851).
11. "Myuda Wowonongeka" (1851-1852).

Werengani zambiri za ntchito iliyonse pansipa.

Zaka zachinyamata ndipo zoyamba zimagwira ntchito

Atafika zaka zoyambirira, akuphunzira ku Sukulu ya Noble Boarding, yomwe ili ku yunivesite ya Moscow, Vasiliy Zhukovsky, amene ntchito zake tidzazifufuza, adayambitsa ndakatulo zake zoyamba. Zochita zake zazikulu kwambiri panthawiyo zinali: ndakatulo "May morning" ndi ntchito ya prose "Maganizo pa Tomb," yolembedwa mu 1797. Nthano "May Mmawa" imayambira mu mzimu wokonda kuwerenga: "Belorumyan, mbandakucha imatuluka ...". Chithunzi cha chirengedwe chikufotokozedwa momveka bwino, mwamtheradi. Anagwiritsira ntchito mawu omveka bwino ("nkhope"), nthano ("Phoebus"), epithets ("belorumyan"). Komabe, mu mizere yotsatira palikumva kuwawidwa mtima ndi kutaya mtima. Ntchitoyo imathera mu mtima wa maganizo: "Moyo, bwenzi langa, kuphompho kwa misozi ndi kuzunzika ...".

"Kumidzi Amanda"

Ntchito zoyambirira Vasily Zhukovsky nthawi zambiri analemba mu mtundu wa elegies. Karamzin, panthawiyo wolemba wotchuka wa Chirasha, anali bwenzi ndi mphunzitsi wa ndakatulo. Anakhulupirira Zhukovsky kuti awonetse ntchito imodzi mwa ntchito zake zoyamba - azisudzo "Kumidzi ya Kumidzi", kutembenuzidwa kwa a elegy a Thomas Grey, wolemba ndakatulo wa Chingerezi. Karamzin adavomereza ntchitoyi ndipo adaonetsetsa kuti mu 1802 eleme yatsirizika inafalitsidwa mu "bulletin of Europe", amene anali wofalitsa pa nthawi imeneyo. Mutu waukulu wa ntchito ndi tanthauzo la moyo, komanso ubale wa munthu ndi dziko lozungulira. Elegy imamangidwa monga momwe ndakatulo imaganizira, chifukwa cha kulingalira kwa manda akumidzi. Mu malingaliro a ndakatulo, mafunso amayamba mwadzidzidzi, komwe amayesera kuyankha. Lingaliro lawo lodziwika za kutha kwa moyo ndi zovuta za chiwonongeko zimagwirizanitsa iwo. Wolemba ndakatulo sakonda kukhala "chinsinsi cha chuma", koma kwa iwo omwe amagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti apindule nawo dziko lapansi.

"Madzulo"

Patapita kanthawi, kunali kale zoyambirira ntchito Zhukovsky, mwachitsanzo, elegy "Madzulo", lolembedwa mu 1806. Ngakhale kuti wolemba ndakatulo mwiniwakeyo sanalembedwe panopa, chiyanjano ndi nyimbo za chinenerochi ndi zovuta. Mutu wa "Madzulo" ndiwo tanthauzo la moyo, cholinga cha munthu. Zinthu zabwino kwambiri pamoyo, malinga ndi ndakatulo, ndi chikondi ndi ubale, kukongola kwa chirengedwe. Muzinthu zamatsenga, miyambo yachikale zidakalipobe: mythology ("Bacchus", "Zephyr", "Alpin", "Minvana") ndi Aslavic ("kuchokera ku Breg", "Golden", "Oratai", etc.) amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

"Don Quixote", nkhani zovuta

Zhukovsky amagwira ntchito kwa ana kutsegula buku loyambirira mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi la kutembenuzidwa kwa Cervantes "Don Quixote", yomwe inayamba mu 1804, yomwe imakondweretsamo mawu ochezeka komanso amakhala ndi Chirasha.

Mu 1808, Zhukovsky (ali ndi zaka 25 zokha) anakhala mkonzi wamkulu wa "Herald wa ku Europe", wotsatira wa Karamzin. Pa nthawi yomweyo amamasulira zambiri, amalemba nkhani, ndemanga, ndakatulo, nkhani zovuta. M'bukuli, wolemba ndakatulo akunena za kukonda kuti ndizomwe akudziimira payekha m'mabuku a Chirasha. Makhalidwe apamtima achikondi ndi ofunika kale, amayenera kufufuzidwa kuchokera kumalingaliro "olinganizana" ndi "kugwirizana" kwa kukoma, kufanana kwake.

"Ludmila"

Mitundu ya ntchito ndi Zhukovsky sizinali zokhazokha. Mu 1808 bullad woyamba - "Lyudmila" anatulutsidwa, akuyimira kumasuliridwa kwaulere kwa ntchito ya G. Burger, wolemba ndakatulo wachi Germany. Ntchito iyi imatenga owerenga kukhala osadziwika kupyola mdziko, mantha ndi zokopa panthawi yomweyo. Chiwembucho chimapangitsa wowerenga ku Middle Ages, nthawi ya nkhondo za Livonian za m'ma 1600 ndi 1700. Mwini wamkulu, Lyudmila, akudikirira wokondedwa wake kuchokera kunkhondo ndipo, popanda kuyembekezera, akuyamba kugwedezeka pa tsoka. Amayi amayesa kuti amuthandize, kuti "paradaiso ndi mphotho yodzichepetsa, gehena ndi mtima wopanduka" ndipo akuitanira kuti amvere kumwamba. Komabe, Ludmila amataya chikhulupiriro, ndipo gawo lake ndi gehena mmalo mwa mphoto yomwe amayembekezera.

"Svetlana"

Ntchito "Svetlana" (Zhukovsky) kale ndiyambirira ya ballad, yomwe inaphatikizapo miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro za ku Russia.

Chimodzimodzinso ndi Lyudmila, chimakhala chosangalatsa, chowala. Zida za chikhalidwe cha ku Russia ziphatikizidwa mu ballad - nyimbo zowonongeka ("wofukiza, scry me zlat ndi korona watsopano", "kukongola kwanga", "podruzhenka", "chimwemwe, kuwala kwa maso anga", "kuwala kofiira", ndi zina zotero). Svetlana nayenso akuyembekeza mkwati, koma, mosiyana ndi Lyudmila, potsiriza amakomana naye.

"Nyimbo ya Aeolian"

Romantic ntchito Zhukovsky akupitiriza kulengedwa kwa Aeolian Harp (1814). Amagwirizanitsa ballad ndi lyric zinthu. Kufufuza kwa ntchito ya Zhukovsky kunatanthawuza kuti Belinsky, malingaliro ake, "tanthauzo lonse, zokongola zonse zonunkhira za chikondi cha Zhukovsky" ndizoyikidwa mu balla iyi. " Heroine samafera, koma amapita kudziko lina, komwe amadziphatika naye. The chifukwa cha dvoemiriya permeates ambiri otchuka ntchito Zhukovsky, kudutsa ntchito yake yonse.

"Woimba mumsasa ..."

Nkhondo Yachikondi Yachikristu ya 1812 siinatanthauzenso mu mtima wa wolemba ndakatuloyo, yemwe anali kudzidziŵa yekha - Zhukovsky anachita mbali yogwira ntchito za usilikali pa udindo wa lieutenant, kumenyera Amayi ake. Zochitika za nthawi imeneyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku "Singer mumsasa wa asirikali a Russian," momwe mutu wokonda dziko umamveka wolimba kwambiri, chifukwa chirichonse chikugwirizana ndi zochitika za wolemba. Mbali yaikulu ya ntchitoyi inalembedwa kutsogolo, nkhondo isanafike ku Tarutin. Wolemba ndakatulo akuyamikira kulimba mtima ndi kulimba mtima kwa anthu a ku Russia, kulimba mtima kwake ndi mantha pa nkhope ya mdani. Makhalidwe apa ndi mwambo wapamwamba, chinenero chamaganizo, kugwiritsa ntchito Asilavo monga "wolandira", "wokhala", "wotsalira," "onani," "vpirel" ndi ena. Ntchitoyi inalembedwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa iambic yamagulu atatu ndi yazinayi, yomwe inali yachilendo nthawi imeneyo, popeza ma odes asanakhale olembedwa ndi iambic ya tetrameter.

"Zosadziwika"

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Masha Protasova, wokondeka ndi nyumba yosungirako zinthu, omwe wolemba ndakatuloyo sanamuyanjanitse pamoyo wake, monga amayi a mtsikanayo anali kutsutsana ndi ukwati wawo, Zhukovsky akuyamba kuganizira mozama za wamuyaya, wakumwamba, muvesi apo akuwoneka mthunzi wodabwitsa ndi zolinga zachipembedzo. Ntchito imakhala yovuta kwambiri, nthawi zina wolemba ndakatulo amakana komanso kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe amakonda, komanso nyimbo. Iye akudandaula ndi "zochulukirapo zosadziwika", zomwe adayesa kufotokoza mu ndakatulo "The Unflained" (1819):

"Mphamvu yonse mu kuusa moyo kumodzi ndi yodzaza;
Ndipo chete amalankhula momveka bwino. "

Tsatanetsatane wa ma 20-30-ies.

Mu 20-30-iyes. Wolemba ndakatulo amapanga ballads atsopano ndi matembenuzidwe. Zolinga zomwe amapereka kuchokera ku Goethe ("Msodzi"), Schiller ("Knight Togenburg", "Cup"), Scott ("The Castle of Smeagholm, kapena Madzulo a Ivanov") ndi ndakatulo zina. Zhukovsky amatanthawuza "Lay of Igor's Host", Ndende ya Chignon Ndende (1818-1822), "Orléansque" wa Schiller, komanso anakonda Goethe, yemwe anakumana naye payekha mu 1821, pamene ndakatuloyi inayamba ulendo wawo kunja.

Otsiriza ntchito Zhukovsky

Zilemba zotsiriza za Zhukovsky ndimasulidwe a ndakatulo "Rustem ndi Zorab" ndi "Nal ndi Damayanti", momwe amalingalira za muyaya. Ma ballads awa amamveka kwambiri masiku ano, chifukwa amalembedwa mu ndime yaulere ndikukhudza nkhani zosangalatsa. Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich, amene ntchito zake zinali zosiyana, poyamba zimabwereka zolinga ndi mitu ya olemba akunja.

Ali ndi zaka 58 zokha, mu 1841, wolemba ndakatulo adapeza banja mwa kukwatira Elizabeth Reitern. Komabe, patangopita nthawi yochepa, banja la Elizabeth linadwala, ndipo banja lawo linapita ku Germany kukasintha thanzi lake. Apa Zhukovsky anadwala, koma anapitiriza kugwira ntchito.

Mu 1851, Zhukovsky analemba alembi "Tsarskoye Selo Swan", omwe amatha ndi imfa ya swan, yomwe idakhazikika ku Tsarskoe Selo. Ntchitoyi ndi yophiphiritsira, yophiphiritsira, koma imayankhula moona mtima za tsoka la wolemba ndakatulo amene adapulumuka nthawi yake ndi iyemwini.

M'chaka chomwecho adayamba kulamula (chifukwa sakanatha kulemba penipeni) ndakatulo yake yotsiriza "The Wandering Jew," yomwe inali chiyambi cha ntchito yonse ya wolemba. Kwa chisoni changa chachikulu, icho chakhala chosatha.

April 12, 1852 Zhukovsky anamwalira mu mzinda wa Germany wa Baden-Baden.

Zolemba za Zhukovsky zinachokera pa nthawi ya zojambulajambula komanso zolemba zolemba za m'zaka za zana la 19, zinayankha zovuta zambiri za nthawiyi ndipo zinapangitsa kuti mabuku apangidwe mwatsopano - mwachikondi.