Akamanena za mankhwala anachita. Chilamulo cha kusamala misa zinthu (mankhwala)

Umagwirira - sayansi ya zinthu, chipangizo zawo, katundu wawo ndi kusinthika timapeza chifukwa cha zochita mankhwala, limene maziko anayakira malamulo zimapangidwira. Onse umagwirira ambiri apuma pa malamulo 4 achikhazikitso, ambiri mwa iwo anatsegula asayansi Russian. Koma m'nkhani ino tikambirana chilamulo cha kusamala zinthu misa, omwe ali mbali ya malamulo zofunika zimapangidwira.

Chilamulo cha kusamala Unyinji wa nkhani tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane. M'nkhani mbiri ya anapeza lamulo, umunthu wake ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu adzakhala anafotokoza.

Chilamulo cha kusamala zinthu misa (mankhwala): mawu

Misa zinthu kulowa mankhwala anachita ndi wofanana ndi unyinji wa zinthu zotsatira zake.

Koma ku nkhani. Zoposa 20 zapitazo Greece dzina Demokrit ankaganiza kuti zina zonse particles wosaoneka. веке химик английского происхождения Роберт Бойль выдвинул теорию: вся материя построена из мельчайших частиц вещества. Ndipo okha XVII m'ma sayansi English chiyambi Robert Boyle akufuna chiphunzitsochi: Nkhani zonse wamangidwa pa particles zing'onozing'ono kanthu. Boyle imachitika zatsopano ndi zitsulo, Kutentha kwa kutenthetsa. Ankamvetsera ziwiya isanayambe kapena itatha Kutentha, ndipo anaona kuti kulemera kuchuluka. Kutentha nkhuni anapereka azisiyana - kulemedwa nkhuni zochepa phulusa.

mbiri ya makono

Chilamulo cha kusamala zinthu misa (mankhwala) mwapatsidwa wasayansi yogwirizanitsa mu 1748 MV Lomonosov, ndipo mu 1756 umboni eksperimentnym njira. Russian wasayansi zinachititsa umboni. Ngati kutentha losindikizidwa makapisozi kulemedwa makapisozi malata ndi Kutentha, ndiyeno pambuyo, zidzakhala zoonekeratu malamulo kusamala misa zinthu (mankhwala). Mawu anasonyeza wasayansi Lomonosov, ofanana kwambiri masiku ano. Russian wasayansi wapanga amathandiza zachidziwikire kuti chitukuko cha chiphunzitso atomiki-maselo. Iye ogwirizana chilamulo cha kusamala zinthu misa (mankhwala) chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu. Chiphunzitso panopa motsimikiza kukhudzidwa. makumi atatu okha patapita zaka zambiri, mu 1789, wasayansi Lavoisier la France anatsimikizira chiphunzitso Lomonosov. Koma ichi chinali ndi akungonena mawu Opeka. Chilamulo zinali mu mzaka zana makumi awiri (chiyambi), patapita zaka 10 za kafukufuku ndi German wasayansi G. Landolt.

Zitsanzo za zatsopano

Taonani zomwe ndikhoza kutsimikizira chilamulo cha kusamala zinthu misa (mankhwala). zitsanzo:

1. chotengera anaikidwa wofiira phosphorous, kuphimba mwamphamvu stoppered ndi kulemedwa. Kutentha pa moto wochepa. Mapangidwe utsi woyera (phosphorous okusayidi) ananena kuti panali mankhwala anachita. Reweighed ndi kutsimikizira kuti kulemera kwa chotengera ndi thunthu kupeza sanasinthe. The aone kuti pali zimene: 4F + 3O2 = 2R2O3.
2. Tengani ziwiya ziwiri Landolt. Mu mmodzi wa iwo mosamala kuti kusakaniza, kuthira reagents kutsogolera nitrate ndi potaziyamu iodide. Mu chotengera china kuika thiocyanate potaziyamu ndi mankhwala enaake ferric. Chinatsekedwa mwamphamvu. Poto ayenera kukhala moyenera. Sakanizani nkhani iliyonse chidebe. Mu umodzi precipitate chikasu unakhazikitsidwa - ndi iodide kutsogolera thiocyanate zopezera chitsulo mdima mtundu wina wofiira. Mu mapangidwe zinthu zatsopano mamba bwino.
3. Zazhzhom kandulo, ndipo anaika mu chidebe. Hermetically kutseka chidebe. Pano pali mamba mu muyezo. Pamene chidebe mapeto mpweya kandulo uchoka, mankhwala anachita ndondomeko udzatha. Mamba ali oyenera, kotero kulemera kwa reactants ndi kulemera womwewo wa mankhwala anapanga.
4. Jambulani chimodzi ndi tikambirane za chilamulo cha kusamala zinthu misa (mankhwala). Chilinganizo kashiamu mankhwala enaake - CaCl2, ndi asidi sulphate - H2SO4. Mu anachita zinthu izi, ndi precipitate woyera - kashiamu sulphate (CaSO4), ndipo acid amathiridwa (HCl). Pakuti kuyesera, tiyenera lonse ndi chotengera Landolt. mosamala kwambiri kutsanulira mu chotengera cha mankhwala enaake kashiamu ndi asidi sulphate, popanda kuyanjana iwo, mwamphamvu stoppered. Timaganizira pa muyezo. Ndiye kusakaniza reagents, ndi kuona kuti woyera precipitate (kashiamu sulfate). Izi zikusonyeza kuti panali mankhwala anachita. Kachiwiri kulemera chotengera. Kulemera wofanana. The aone kuti pali chifukwa linachepa amaonekera izi: CaCl2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2HCl.

waukulu

Cholinga chachikulu cha zochita mankhwala kuti kuphwanya mamolekyulu mu zinthu zomwezo ndipo kenako kupanga mamolekyulu latsopano la thunthu. Pankhaniyi, chiwerengero cha maatomu aliyense yachabechabe mogwirizana ndi pambuyo amakhalabe sichinasinthe. Pamene mapangidwe zinthu zatsopano, mphamvu adzamasulidwa, ndi pamene iwo kuswa ndi mayamwidwe ake, mphatso ya amphamvu zotsatira, amene kumaonekera mwa mawonekedwe a mayamwidwe kapena kumasulidwa kwa kutentha. Pa mankhwala anachita wa precursors molekyulu - reagents unagawika maatomu amene ndiye akamagwira katundu wa mankhwala anachita. Maatomu okha kukhala sichinasinthe.

Zimene ukhoza kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo angayambe mofulumira. Mu kupanga mankhwala kofunika kudziwa mlingo wa zosayembekezereka ya makamaka mankhwala anachita, mayamwidwe kapena kumasula chitadutsa kutentha chimene chili chofunika kuthamanga, kuchuluka kwa reactants ndi catalysts. Catalysts - yaing'ono kulemera mankhwala, si nawo mankhwala anachita koma kwambiri zokhudza liwiro lake.

Kodi kulemba anthu aone kuti pali mankhwala

Podziwa lamulo la kusamala zinthu misa (mankhwala), n'zotheka kudziwa mmene kuti maikwezhoni mankhwala.

1. Tiyenera kudziwa chilinganizo cha reactants ndi kulowa mankhwala anachita, ndiponso mankhwala chilinganizo zopezera chifukwa chake.
2. Kumanzere olembedwa chilinganizo reagents, pakati pa amene anaika "+" ndi bwino - chilinganizo mankhwala chifukwa ndi chizindikiro "+" therebetween. Mu Njira ya reactants ndi mankhwala chifukwa aikidwa chizindikiro "=" kapena muvi.
3. chiwerengero cha maatomu a zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za reactants ayenera zofanana chiwerengero cha mankhwala maatomu. Choncho, koefishienti ndi masamu, amene anaika pamaso mitunduyi.
4. Musachokachoka ya mitunduyi kuchokera kumanzere kwa aone kuti pali kudzanja lamanja kapena musanjenso iwo.

Phindu la chilamulo

Chilamulo cha kusamala zinthu misa (mankhwala) kunapangitsa kukhala nkhani yosangalatsa sayansi. Pezani chifukwa chake.

• Great kufunika kwa malamulo a kusamala misa mu zinthu mankhwala kuti pamaziko a mankhwala ake kupanga kuwerengetsera kwa mafakitale. Yerekezerani kuti mukufuna kupeza makilogalamu 9 sulfide mkuwa. Tikudziwa kuti mkuwa ndi sulfure anachita zikuchitika pa kulemera chiŵerengero cha 2: 1. Malinga ndi lamulo limeneli, mankhwala anachita kulemera mkuwa wa makilogalamu 1 ndi 2 kg sulfure analandira mkuwa sulfide yolemera makilogalamu 3. Monga tiyenera kupeza mkuwa sulfide kulemera kwa makilogalamu 9, mwachitsanzo 3 zina zambiri, ndipo reagents muyenera 3 zina zambiri. Kuti 6 makilogalamu mkuwa ndi makilogalamu 3 sulfure.
• Mwayi kuti olondola mankhwala aone kuti pali.

Pomaliza

Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi sayenera mafunso okhudza akamanena za lamulo la zochitika za anapeza ake, amene poyamba nawo wotchuka compatriot wathu, wasayansi MV Lomonosov. Zomwe kachiwiri akutsimikiza Nchachikulu bwanji mphamvu otchestvennoy sayansi. Komanso zinali kufunika bwino anapeza a chilamulo ichi ndi tanthauzo lake. Ndipo amene sankadziwa mmene kulemba maikwezhoni mankhwala kusukulu, nditawerenga nkhani, kuphunzira kapena kumbukirani momwe angachitire izo.