Synecology kuphunzira zochitika zachilengedwe

Maphunziro a sayansi ya zamoyo poyerekeza ndi botany, zoology kapena anatomy ndi zachichepere mwambo wa chilengedwe umene unayambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Amayang'ana zogwirizana pakati pa zinthu zamoyo ndi midzi yawo yomwe imakhala pakati pawo ndi chilengedwe. Chimodzi mwa zigawo zake - ma synecology - maphunziro a zachilengedwe ndi zamoyo zake zomwe ziri mbali ya biogeocenoses: zomera, tizilombo, bowa, zinyama pakuyanjana wina ndi mnzake. Sayansi yokha imachokera ku ntchito za asayansi monga L. Dollo, O. Abel, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

M'nkhani ino tidzakhala tikudziŵa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za gawo lino la zamoyo ndi kupeza momwe kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe.

Biogeocenoses monga zigawo zapadera

Anthu onse a mitundu yosiyana-siyana - amakhala molakwika. Amagwirizana m'madera akuluakulu - biocenoses. Komanso, pakati pa anthu pazinthu zamoyo, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ubale, mwachitsanzo, monga allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, mpikisano, trophocoenotic. Synecology imapanga mgwirizano pakati pa zamoyo zomwe zimalowa mu biogeocenosis, komanso zimayang'ana momwe zimakhalira mu maubwenzi a zomera ndi zinyama zomwe zimapanga malo okhala.

Kodi tanthauzo la chilengedwe ndi chiyani?

Sikuti mawu akuti "biogeocenosis" amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sayansi ya zachilengedwe, komanso mawu akuti "zachilengedwe" omwe anayambitsa A. Tensli. Mawu onsewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauzira zochitika zachilengedwe ndi zigawo zawo: phyto-anthu ndi nyama, zomwe maphunziro a synecology amatsatira malingaliro a kugwirizana kwa zamoyo zonse ndi malo awo. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti sipangakhale chizindikiro chofanana pakati pa mawu awiriwa. Tsatanetsatane wa "biogeocenosis", yoperekedwa ndi V. Sukachev, imakhala ndi katundu wochepa kwambiri, chifukwa imalingalira zochitika zachilengedwe kumaganizira momwe kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi mphamvu zikuyenda mwa iwo. Koma lingaliro la "zachilengedwe" lomwe lakhala likufala, makamaka mu sayansi yotchuka kwambiri, tsopano likugwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwake, kuti lizindikire mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana ya zachilengedwe, zachirengedwe ndi zopangira.

Chiphunzitso cha biogeocenosis VN Sukacheva

Maganizo a asayansi anapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi ya ku Russia: V. Dokuchaev, wogwira ntchito sayansi ya nthaka, ndi V. Vernadsky, yemwe anayambitsa biosphere theory. Kuphatikizapo kudziwa za geochemistry, sayansi ya m'nkhalango, geobotany, V. Sukachev adapanga chilango chatsopano - biogeocenology. Izi, komanso synecology, - gawo la zamoyo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mgwirizano wa zamoyo zamoyo, zimaganizira zochitika za mitundu ya anthu ndi mitundu ya anthu omwe ali ndi phyto-ndi zoocenosis. Kuchokera ku malingaliro a asayansi, zonse zigawo za biosphere zimakhutitsidwa ndi moyo, mwa iwo njira zotsutsana zokhudzana ndi zinyama ndi mphamvu zikuchitika. Maziko awo ndikutengeka.

Amaphatikizapo ogulitsa - zamoyo zokha, makamaka zomera. Kenaka tsatirani oyamba, achiwiri, ogulitsa atatu omwe amagulitsa, omwe ali ma heterotrophs.

Kugwirizana kotsiriza mu makina a trophic ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zakufa - othawa. Izi zimaphatikizapo mabakiteriya a dothi, fungi la saprotropha, komanso tizilombo tina. Zonsezi za chilengedwe chopanda moyo zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu biogeocoenosis, mwachitsanzo, nthaka, madzi, mpweya, akhala akutchedwa biotopes.

Njira zofufuza zamaganizo

Kumayambiriro kwa mapangidwe a sayansi, asayansi analandira zinthu zofufuza pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku - maulendo. Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1900, njira zoterezi zowonjezereka, njira yotchulidwa maatomu, mauthenga a wailesi, idakhala yaikulu. M'zaka za zana la 21, kufufuza pogwiritsa ntchito ma satellites a dziko lapansi anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama kuti zinyama ziziyenda. Mwachitsanzo, zilembo zazikulu, zolembedwa ndi ma radio. Poganizira kuti synecology ndi kusiyana kwa zachilengedwe, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mgwirizano wa zamoyo zambiri pakati pawo, asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa masamu ndi cybernetics. Wotsirizirayu amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi kulosera zigawo zomwe zimapanga machitidwe achilengedwe.

Kodi ntchito yotani phytocenology yophunzira

Zomera ndi zofunikira kwambiri m'moyo wa zamoyo. Chifukwa cha photosynthesis, amapereka zakudya zina zonse zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu zina. Synecology imafufuza mgwirizano pakati pa zigawo za phytocenosis ndi mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo: tizilombo, zomera ndi nyama zonyansa.

Mitengo ya zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi biocenoses zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso zimatchedwa mitundu yodzaza mitundu. Zomera zowonongeka zimayimilidwa m'zinthu zachilengedwe monga mawonekedwe a longlines, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pakupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachilengedwe. Mitengo yosakanikirana ya zomera imatchedwa mosaic ndipo, mosiyana ndi stratification, imadalira pang'ono kutalika kwa tsiku kuwala. Koma ndizochitika mwachindunji ndi mitundu ya maubwenzi, monga allelopathy ndi mpikisano. Matenda a phytocenosis, mphamvu zawo zimachokera ku zochitika ndi kuzitsatira, monga kubzala mitengo, geocataclism, moto wamoto.

Zifukwa za kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha zinyama

Asayansi odziwika kwambiri monga SA Severtsov, NV Turkin, Chingelezi L. Elton, adaphunzira kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali m'madera a intraspecies. Ndipo Ch. Hewitt adatchula mawu akuti "mafunde a moyo". Zikuchitika m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo, pamodzi ndi njira za trophocenotic, ndi zizindikiro za zamoyo zogonako. Kuphunzira za mphamvu zowonongeka kwa anthu ndizofunika kwambiri kuti zithetse vutoli lomwe limayendetsa kayendedwe ka makoswe omwe amafalitsa zoonoses monga mliri ndi tularemia. Synecology imaphunziranso zotsatira za zochitika za anthu pa zoocenoses, makamaka kuchepetsa anthu amitundu yosaoneka ndi yowopsya, komanso kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu m'masewera okonda malonda.

Mitundu ya ubale pakati pa zamoyo mu biomes

Kumbukirani kuti synecology - kugawanika kwa zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapanganso mgwirizano pakati pa anthu a zomera ndi zinyama. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa, mpikisano, allelopathy. Mwachitsanzo, phytocenology yakhala ikudziŵa kale kuti zomera zina zimagwirizana ndi wina ndi mzake: wakuda walusi amachititsa poizoni mankhwala a pome ndi mitengo ya zipatso zamtengo, amalepheretsa kukula ndi fruiting, komanso amachititsa kuti zomera zisamwalire.

Mutualism ndi mtundu umodzi wokhala pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zomwe zimapindulitsana (nkhono ndi antchito, antchito omwe amapezeka m'mimba mwa tizilombo ndikuwathandiza kuthana ndi mitsempha).

Kusinthana kwa mphamvu mu malo osungirako zinthu

Biogeocenoses, yomwe imapanga chipolopolo chamoyo cha dziko lapansi, imasintha zamoyo zonse ndi mphamvu, ndipo ziri zotseguka. Maofesi achilengedwe awa amafunika mphamvu yowonjezera. Zithunzi zimagwiritsa ntchito kupanga zinthu zakuthupi, ma molecule a ATP ndi NADPHH ₂ . Synecology ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira kusintha kwasintha kwa zamoyo ndi mphamvu.

Iwo amaoneka ngati piramidi ya chilengedwe ndi zakudya zake zamakhwa. Mphamvu zamagulu a pansi pa trophic kupita ku malamulo apamwamba kwambiri, komanso kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu zowonjezereka za m'madera oyandikana ndi 10-20%, ndipo mphamvu yotsala imatha ngati kutentha. Papepala lino, tidziwa gawo la chilengedwe - ma synecology, ndipo tapeza njira za kafufuzidwe, komanso kufunikira kwa chithandizo cha moyo cha chilengedwe.