Kupititsa ndi zachilengedwe zovuta. Russian zachilengedwe maofesi

Ambiri amaganiza kuti chikhalidwe - ndi disordered zakubadwa ndipo wachisokonezo chodabwitsa. Nkhalango ndi nkhalango, steppes ndi zipululu - ichi amati mosintha anakonza malo zonse zachilengedwe. Ayi.

machitidwe onse lachibadwa gawo anapatsidwa nthawi zonse mogwirizana pafupi osati ndi mzake komanso ndi malo ena, limene lili pakhomo lotsatira. Kuti ndi khamu lonse la ankachita ndi malo osiyana (zina ndi makhalidwe zosiyana kwathunthu) ndi zovuta achilengedwe.

Kwambiri padziko lonse chitsanzo cha mogwirizana ngati ndi chipolopolo lingamutsatire akuwuka chifukwa cha anzake a lithosphere ndi, hydrosphere, biosphere ndi mlengalenga m'munsi. Kumene, zigawo zake ndi sakanikira kwambiri, chifukwa amakhudzana mu zikhalidwe zosiyana, amene amachititsa mapangidwe maofesi wapadera achilengedwe.

Choncho, dongosolo zachilengedwe - osakaniza zinthu nyengo kwachilengedwenso ndi miyala zimene zimachititsa mapangidwe dera ena a malo apadera, yodziwika ndi akonzedwa wapadera mitundu. Mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, maofesi awa si khola, akhoza kusintha ndi msanga, kupanga mtundu chosiyana alili.

Mphamvu ya mmene chilengedwe

makhalidwe awo mapangidwe masoka malo kumpoto kwa nyengo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kumpoto chomwecho mukhoza kukumana yemweyo zachilengedwe zovuta litadzala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana koma kukhala pafupifupi ndi makhalidwe omwewo. M'nyanja umatchedwa zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi. Tikumbukenso kuti ndondomeko ya mapangidwe yaitali kwambiri, zimatengera osati pa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso mitundu zokhala biotope izi.

Mwachitsanzo wamkulu - miyala ndi matanthwe. Ngati muli tizilombo ting'onoting'ono mu nyanja, zimachititsa chilumbachi pansi n'zosiyana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe a dera loyandikana kumene matanthwe chifukwa ena satero. Komabe, musaiwale za zinthu Geological: am'nyanja akhoza kupangidwa basi m'madera zaka zoposa 60 miliyoni zapitazo anali zinatha mapiri. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, izi zinali ndi wotchuka Darwin, kupanga za zovuta achilengedwe a m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja. Motero, tingapeze mfundo yosavuta.

mapangidwe lachibadwa zonse kusinthika, ndi liwiro la ndondomeko imeneyi ndi yosiyana. Kwinakwake zofunika zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, koma nthawi zina izo zikhoza kungokhala miyezi ingapo.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za chitukuko

Chinthu choyambirira chimene amakhudza chilichonse zachilengedwe zovuta ndi cheza dzuwa, ndi rotational liwiro la dzikoli, komanso mndandanda wa njira zonse zikuchitika mu mlengalenga, ndi lithosphere, hydrosphere. Chifukwa ichi, malo ndi yofunika kwambiri ndipo yozungulira, komanso dongosolo pachiopsezo. Ngati chinthu chimodzi wathyoka, nthawi yomweyo bwanji chikhalidwe cha zovuta lonse. Chifukwa, kapena kusintha kapena kutha. Izo zinachitika kwa m'madambo mu Polesye.

A chitsanzo chenicheni cha kusintha malo

Mbiri dera limeneli aumbike mwa ambiri mitsinje, amene mosalekeza kudyetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa makiyi. Nawonso yamasika ngongole moyo wawo kwa strata lalikulu la dongo, amene sanalole kupita pansi kwambiri. Mkulu chinyezi chinathandiza chilengedwe cha m'dera ndi microclimate wapadera. nthaka pang'ono ndi pang'ono yokutidwa ndi m'nkhalango ya zitsamba, Moss ndi ndere.

Pano pali mwamsanga nambala yaikulu tizilombo. Iwonso anakopeka achule, zokwawa komanso mbalame.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa chiwonongeko cha biotope lonse? Ndiyeno yekha kunapezeka mokwanira kusokoneza impermeable wosanjikiza dothi. Mwamsanga pamene iye anawoloka ulimi njira, malo zinayamba kusintha mofulumira. The microclimate wapadera yathyoledwa, madzi-udzafunidwa mitundu anayamba kufa paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi. Dambo n'kuyamba meadows amtengo youma ndi nthaka acidic, ndi zomera kungokhala pamodzimodzi. Choncho, zachilengedwe m'dera zovuta yake inawonongedwa, koma m'malo pomwepo anadza mapangidwe wina.

Mbiri zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe

Tisaiwale kuti kwa nthawi zonse ndondomeko mbiri padziko la dziko lathuli zinapangidwa mbisoweka zikwi mitundu ya maofesi achilengedwe. Mobwerezabwereza alternated nyanja ndi mtunda anaonekera na ciyezezo popanda kufufuza, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a mitundu. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti masiku ano maofesi zachilengedwe anayamba kupanga 10-12 yekha zikwi. Zaka zapitazo.

Komabe, komabe ndithu 'yaitali' amaneneratu. Oona za mbiri yaitali ananena kuti kamodzi dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky anali kupita mpaka mu Asia yekha chifukwa chakuti ena zikwi ziwiri kapena zitatu zapitazo ndi Amudarya ndi Syrdarya anali mitsinje zambiri kwambiri. ducts awo amaphatikizidwa ndi mzake malo ambiri kufikako lamapiri mtunda, chimene chiri tsopano akupezeka yekha ndi mpweya kapena dziko.

Liwiro kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe

Komabe, nthawi zina, malo zimasintha pamaso pathu. Ndithudi, izi si chifukwa zinthu zina zachilengedwe (kuphulitsa mapiri, ndi masoka ena sizichitika kawirikawiri), ndipo mchikakamizo cha zinthu anthropogenic. Mwatsoka, nthawi kudwala-pakati alowererepo kumabweretsa zotsatira zoipa.

The Gawo la zovuta zachilengedwe

Aliyense zovuta zachilengedwe aumbike mwa mtundu wa "nyumba zingatipunthwitse" makhalidwe amene amadalira katundu malo okhala lonse. Poyamba, malo. mawu amenewa amanena za mtundu womwewo wa mtunda, ofanana nyengo, pamodzi ndi maonekedwe a nyama ndi zomera. Kapangidwe ka malo kumaphatikizapo m'madera timapepala facies.

Tiyeni tione zigawo zikuluzikulu mfundo pang'ono zovuta achilengedwe.

zinthu khalidwe

Facies otchedwa biotope anapanga mkati mbali yaikulu ya alili. Chitsanzo ndi pansi pa chigwa, phiri kapena pamwamba, mbali ya mtsinje kapena nyanja. Pankhaniyi, zambiri kupanga mitundu kuderako, monga facies mikhalidwe yunifolomu kwambiri mwachilungamo nthawi zonse.

Ngati ife kulankhula za gulu kugwirizana ndi facies mzake, mapangidwe uwu umatchedwa malire achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, madera ndi zachilengedwe zovuta, limene lili pamodzi mtsinje wa - thirakiti. Komabe, ambiri ndipo nthawi chokhudzana ndi mzake, iwo apanga mbali. Zina mwa floodplain lalikulu ndiponso mtsinje, pakati pa mitsinje awiri, miyala yachonde.

Monga mitunda wachinsinsi?

Tikumbukenso kuti malo ayenera m'magulu malinga zizindikiro zawo miyala. Akudalira pa likusuntha tectonic ndi mtunda. Makamaka, Russian maofesi zachilengedwe monga kumveka ndi phiri mitunda. kusiyana A ndi kalasi m'zigwa ndi zomwe zili malo. A kalasi osiyana ndi phiri nayonso mitunda, m'dera la dziko lathu sadziwa.

The formations lathyathyathya anawagawa mitundu zotsatirazi: mitundu losakanizika mitundu coniferous, nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe. Ena formations ali m'mphepete mwa mtsinje mitsinje, nyanja ndi m'madambo. Waukulu maofesi chilengedwe cha Russia - ndi chigwa yokutidwa ndi nkhalango paini, nkhalango-steppe, Titafika pamalo ndi mitunda lamapiri, lililonse la Caucasus.

Kodi ndi zovuta zimene anthu pa malo achilengedwe chiyani?

Ife mobwerezabwereza ananena kuti zochita za anthu nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa inasinthiratu mu zinthu zachilengedwe za m'deralo. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi izi zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri zachilengedwe zovuta khalidwe. Ndipo osati chithandizo, komanso nyengo makhalidwe nthaka, nyama ndi zomera. Asayansi kusiyanitsa mwangwiro ulimi, nkhalango, kasamalidwe madzi, komanso mafakitale ndi zogona malo (mizinda ndi matauni aakulu).

Mu dziko lathu munthu yogwira alowererepo idayamba VI-V Zakachikwi BC. e. Motero, nkhalango ndi zigwa inakhazikitsidwa kwakukulukulu chitukuko cha anthu amene anali kuyambira kudya nkhuni zambiri mwachangu kudula nkhalango. Komabe, ndondomeko izi makamaka anapitiriza mwakhama 18-19 zaka TH. Mwachitsanzo, Udmurtia chomwecho, mpaka posachedwapa, ankatchedwa "mzinda wa yokutidwa ndi nkhalango." Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamene dziko ofunika kwambiri a malasha, umene pafupifupi kanthu katsalira.

Komanso chitukuko cha malonda apanyanja chinali chiyambi cha chitukuko misa ankawalamulira m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti kutukuka kwambiri kukula kwa lalikulu m'mizinda ndondomeko (mu nkhani ya Agiriki). Pa 16-18 zaka TH. pali njira yaikulu yowatembenuza nkhalango zigwa. M'zaka za m'ma 15, anthu intensively katswiri steppe. Zonsezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti anthu unakula mofulumira, anthu azipeza chakudya kwambiri. Popeza chitukuko cha ulimi panthawi imeneyo inali yaikulu kwambiri, izo zimayenera kulima minda yambiri tiyeni nkhwangwa m'nkhalango.

Motero, pafupifupi palibe mwachirengedwe zachilengedwe zovuta wapulumuka kusintha.

Mpaka m'ma 19 pa malire a dziko lathu linali nkhalango zambiri kuti analowa zosowa za mafakitale mofulumira osauka. Pa awiri Nkhondo World liwiro ndondomeko izi chawonjezeka kwambiri. Choyamba anaonekera moona malo mafakitale pamene Kuzbass anayamba tima khala migodi, ndi Baku - pa zitsime za mafuta choyamba.

Kumayambiriro 20 TH m'ma zinali zodzaza ndi chenicheni ambiri kusintha kwa mitunda pansi zofuna anthu. Amaika mumsewu nambala yaikulu misewu, zitsulo zimawononga khala zambiri, mitengo ndi miyala, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi anafuna kumanga ambiri okwerera opangira magetsi mphamvu, chifukwa cha zomwe ambiri malo lowland munadzaza madzi.

pano

Choncho, mu European gawo la Russia lero makamaka chogwidwa ndi mafakitale mitunda munthu. M'madera ena pali zosakwana 20% kachitidwe zachilengedwe zimene akhudzidwa ndi zochita za anthu. Mwatsoka, pali chitetezo cha maofesi zachilengedwe lili wathu pafupifupi mu Chiyambi chake. M'zaka zaposachedwapa asonyeza chizolowezi bwino penapake, koma zachitika umenewu akadali osati kwambiri.

Kodi munthu angathe kusamalira malo achilengedwe?

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ayenera kulenga nkhokwe ambili. Kumene, kumlingo, ndi zolondola, koma kudziyesa njira zambiri padziko lonse. Kumbukirani zimene tanena za interconnectedness wa zinthu zachilengedwe?

Ngati pafupi ndi malo otetezedwa ndi yaikulu mafakitale ogwira ntchito, ndiye miyezo chitetezo chilengedwe kungakhale pachabe. M'pofunika kuti atchule mu njira zamakono gwero yopulumutsa, kulima pa njira zamakono zomwe amafuna mkulu zokolola ndi madera aang'onoang'ono. Pankhaniyi, munthuyo salinso zofunika kulima minda zambiri.

Nkofunikira kuti kuchepetsa mpweya mu mlengalenga ndi hydrosphere, monga ndiye okha tidzatha kusunga zosiyanasiyana zamoyo mitsinje ndi nyanja kwa ana athu.

Komabe, sitiyenera kuganiza kuti umunthu maofesi alibe moyo dera mafakitale mipope. Nature limasonyeza kusinthasintha chodabwitsa, zonse kusinthasintha kwa magawo kusintha chilengedwe.

Mwachitsanzo, ambiri mitundu aphunzira kukhala limodzi ndi munthu, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi anzake zimenezi. Choncho ornithologists akhala ananena kuti mzinda wa m'mizinda ikuluikulu kale kupanga osiyana boma mitundu akawelewele, amene ngakhale m'chilimwe kukhala mmalire a zovuta zogona.

Mwachidule, zovuta zachilengedwe - izo amadzipweteka yekha malamulo osiyanasiyana kuti akhoza kusintha pompopompo.

Kodi mitundu mu biocoenosis anthropogenic?

Kawirikawiri, mbalame amasamukira mizinda okha m'nyengo yozizira, nkhalango anali kukhala zovuta kupeza zofunika kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Today amakhala chaka chonse m'madera nkhalango, popanda mavuto ndi chakudya. Chifukwa, kupezeka kwa chakudya kuchuluka chiwerengero cha mazira anaika, kuyambira anapiye onse akhoza chakudya. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti mkati zaka zochepa bwino Zamkatimu subspecies amene amasiyana akawelewele ochiritsira ikuluikulu kukula ndi osaonekera feathering.

Ndi mphamvu pa nyama adzasintha zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Zitsanzo zikhoza lotengeka kwa nthawi yaitali, koma imodzi yabwino ndi makoswe. Zoikamo m'tauni, ali wamkulu ndi anzeru msuwani awo zakutchire. Yodziwika ndi mimba mkulu angapo ndipo coloration zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Yotsirizira limasonyeza kuchepetsa lakuthwa chiwerengero cha adani, kuyambira nyama "zachilendo" maonekedwe anali ndi moyo ndi kubereka.

Pali zitsanzo zosiyana kwambiri. M'dera wakunja kwatawuni nambala yaikulu mapaketi agalu feral kumeneko pa mphindi. Iwo ali aukali, samuopa anthu. Pa malo kusinthidwa, nyama unatenga kagawo kakang'ono mimbulu achilengedwe. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti magulu awa a nyama yosokera mapeto adzatha kuima panja, kupanga genotype wapadera kwambiri.

Monga mukuonera, zopangidwa zinthu zachilengedwe ngakhale formations ndi chongopeka ophunzira ankathandizidwa, moyo pa malamulo mwachilungamo muyezo zachilengedwe, zomwe zingakupatseni kupulumutsa biosphere.