Kupanga hydrogen

Mankhwala a hydrogen amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana: mu kaphatikizidwe ka hydrogen kloride, ammonia (ammonia imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nayitrogeni feteleza), mu aniline ndi penti yopanga utoto, pamene akuchira kuchokera ku zitsulo zopanda chitsulo. M'makampani ogulitsa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta m'malo mwa margarines. Pogwirizana ndi nkhani yomwe ili pamwambayi ndi kupanga hydrogen m'makampani.

Mpweya umenewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galimoto yowonjezera mtsogolo chifukwa imapitsidwanso, imatulutsa mpweya wotentha wa CO2 panthawi yotentha, imapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo pamtundu uliwonse ndipo imasanduka magetsi a magetsi.

Pansi pa ma laboratories, kawirikawiri, haidrojeni imapezeka pochepetsedwa ndi zitsulo, zomwe zimakhala kumanzere kumayambiriro kwa zovuta, kuchokera ku madzi ndi zidulo:
Zn + 1HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0
2Na + 2HOH = 2NaOH + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0.

Mu mafakitale, kupanga hydrogen kumapezeka, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndi zachilengedwe.

1. Kutembenuka kwa methane. Njirayi ikuphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa methane ndi mpweya wa madzi pa 800 - 900 ° C: CH₄ + H₂O = CO ↑ + 3H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0. Kuonjezera apo, ntchito yothirapo mbali ya hydrocarboni ndi oxygen pamaso pa mpweya wa madzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito: 3CH₄ + O₂ + H₂O = 3CO + 7 H . Njirazi zidzataya kufunikira kwake, monga momwe magalimoto a hydrocarbon atha.

2. Biohyrojeni ingapezeke kuchokera kumadzi a m'nyanja mu bioreactor. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, adapeza kuti ngati zombo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zidachotsedwa sulufule, zimachokera ku kutulutsa oksijeni, mwachitsanzo, photosynthesis yeniyeni, ku hydrogen. Biohydrogen ingathenso kutulutsidwa m'zinthu zamagetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo algae, zinyalala zapakhomo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mabakiteriya omwe amamwa madzi a hydrocarbon, ndipo amapanga hydrogen ndi CO2.

3. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa gasi. Panthawi yopangira mafuta a malasha, timapepala tating'ono timene timagwiritsa ntchito: cholimba - coke, phula lamadzi - ndi gaseous, yomwe ili, kuphatikizapo ma hydrocarboni, maselo a hydrogen (pafupifupi 60%). Chigawochi chimakhala chozizira kwambiri pambuyo pochiritsidwa ndi chinthu chapadera, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti asiye hydrogen ku zosafunika.

4. Kupanga hydrogen m'madzi pogwiritsira ntchito electrolysis ndiyo njira yomwe imapereka hydrogen yeniyeni: 2H₂O → electrolysis → 2H₂ + O.

5. Kutembenuka kwa kaboni. Choyamba, mpweya wa madzi umapangidwa, pamene mpweya wa madzi umadutsa mu moto wotentha: C + H₂O = CO ↑ + H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0, yomwe imaphatikizidwa mukusakaniza ndi nthunzi ya madzi pamwamba pa 400 ± 500 ° C ndi Fe₂O . Pali mgwirizano wa carbon monoxide (II) ndi nthunzi ya madzi: CO + H₂O + (H₂) = CO₂ + 2H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0.

6. Kupanga kwa hydrojeni ndi kutembenuka kwa kaboni monoxide (CO), pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera yogwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya ofiira otchedwa photosynthetic (mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta mtundu wofiira kapena wofiira womwe umakhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa photosynthetic pigments). Mabakiteriyawa amatulutsa hydrogen chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwake: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H .

Mapangidwe a haidrojeni amachokera ku madzi, zomwe zimachita sizifuna kutentha ndi kuyatsa. Zomwe zimachitika zimachitika kutentha mumdima.

Chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha mafakitale masiku ano ndi kusintha kwa haidrojeni kuchokera ku mpweya wopangidwa panthawi yopangira mafuta.

Komabe, ambiri sakudziwa kuti n'zotheka kupanga hydrogen kunyumba. Pachifukwa chimenechi, munthu akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera alkali ndi aluminium. Tengani kapu imodzi ya galasi botolo, chophimba ndi dzenje, mpweya wa gasi, 10 g zamkuwa zamchere, 20 g mchere, 10 g wa aluminium, 200 g madzi, baluni.

Timakonza njira yothetsera sulfate yamkuwa: 100 g ya madzi timapanga 10 g zamkuwa sulphate.

Timakonzekera brine: 100 g madzi tikuwonjezera 20 g mchere.

Zothetserazo ndi zosakaniza. Onjezerani zotsatirazi zosakaniza ndi aluminiyumu. Pambuyo pa kuyimitsidwa koyera kumapezeka mu botolo, timayika mpira ku chubu ndikudzaza ndi hydrogen.

Samalani! Chochitika ichi chiyenera kuchitika pokhapokha. Ndikofunika kuteteza kutentha, chifukwa momwe zimayambira zimatulutsa kutentha ndipo zimatha kutuluka.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti haidrojeni, ngati yothira ndi mpweya, imayambitsa chisakanizo, chomwe chimatchedwa kuti gasi (magawo awiri a hydrogen ndi gawo limodzi la mpweya). Ngati chisakanizo chotere chikuyaka, chidzaphulika.