Kulemera kwa Aluminium

Pakalipano, zimakhala zovuta kutchula zitsulo zomwe zingapikisane ndi aluminium malinga ndi ntchito yake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamagetsi komanso mu zipangizo zamakono: palibe chifukwa chilichonse chomwe chikupezeka chifukwa cha kufalikira kwakukulu. Kodi ndi zodabwitsa bwanji za aluminiyumu?

Choyamba, ndi chimodzi mwa zida zowonongeka padziko lapansi, ndipo pakati pa zinthu zina zimakhala malo olemekezeka (pambuyo pa silicon ndi mpweya). Komabe, zodabwitsa kuti, mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi izo zinali za mtengo wapatali ndi golidi ndi siliva. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu 1889 D. Mendeleev anapatsidwa mamba omwe adapangidwa ndi golide ndi aluminium. Chifukwa cha izi chikugwirizanitsa ndi kuti panthawiyo kunalibe teknoloji yomwe inalandila kulandira zitsulo pa mafakitale. M'chaka cha 1855, ingot kilogalamu yokwana 8 kilogram inapezedwa mankhwala.

M'tsogolomu, lusoli linasintha, koma chikhalidwe chake chinakhalabe chimodzimodzi - kuchoka kwa mankhwala kuchokera ku zothetsera. Ndipo mu 1886 panthawi yomweyo ku Amerika ndi France njira yogwiritsira ntchito electrolytic yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makono inaperekedwa. Mu cryolite yosungunuka (mchere wambiri wosadziwika), alumina ndiyowonjezera, nthawi yowonjezera imadutsa mumsasa , motero, chitsulo chimamangiriridwa pa electrodes. Kuchuluka kwa aluminium ndi 2.7 g / cm3 okha, omwe amachititsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazitsulo zowonongeka kwambiri (poyerekezera, kuchuluka kwake kwachitsulo kumapamwamba kwambiri - 7.9 g / cm3). Mwa njira, zitsulo zonse zimagawidwa kukhala kuwala ndi zolemetsa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Popeza kulemera kwa aluminiyamu kumakhala kochepa katatu kusiyana ndi mkuwa, ndipo magetsi amatha nthawi imodzi ndi theka pokhapokha, zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa chifukwa chake chitsulocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu magetsi.

Ma waya, matayala ndi magetsi ena opangidwa ndi aluminium sizitsika mtengo wokha kuchokera kwa mpikisano wawo wachindunji, mkuwa, komanso ochepa kwambiri. Mlingo wa aluminiyamu ndi wokwanira kuti ukhale wolimba komanso nthawi yomweyo mankhwala apulasitiki: zipangizo zamakiti (mbale, mafoloko, mbale), mipukutu ya zojambula zogwiritsiridwa ntchito pakhomo, ndi zina zotero. Pa nthawi yomweyi, popeza aluminiyumu imatha kupanga mapangidwe azinyalala ndi zitsulo zambiri, Mukhoza kupereka zinthu zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, alloy ochokera ku aluminium ndi magnesium amadziwika ndi mphamvu (kwa 1% ya magnesium, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya 30 MPa ndikofunikira); Kusakaniza zamkuwa ndi aluminium kumathandiza kuti akwaniritse mawotchi katundu, khalidwe kwa ena zitsulo sukulu.

Kuchuluka kwa aluminiyumu (mwangwiro mawonekedwe) kumapezeka kuchokera magome a makhalidwe a zitsulo. Monga tawonetsera kale, ndilofanana ndi 2.7 g / cm3. Nthaŵi zina, zimakhala zofunikira kudziŵa kuchuluka kwa aluminiyumu pogwiritsa ntchito njira (mwachitsanzo, ngati zinthu zomwe thupi limapangidwa sizidziwika). Pali njira zingapo zothetsera vutoli, koma zotsatira zolondola ndi kugawidwa kwa kulemera kwa thupi ndi mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati chirichonse chikuwoneka bwino ndi misa, ndiye kuti phokoso la mankhwala opitirira muyeso likhoza kudziwika mosavuta poyerekeza madzi osungunuka (kumbukirani Archimedes ndi bafa yake). Zikuwonekeratu kuti sizingatheke kuti pakhale kulemera kwachindunji, kotero njira iyi siilikonse, ngakhale ikupereka zotsatira zolondola.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, amene adapeza nthawi za Soviet Union, kumbukirani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminium ndi zigawo zake, koma tsopano kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chake chakale sichidziŵika, ngati mtengo wa chitsulowu wakula kwambiri. Chifukwa chiyani? Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti mu njira ya electrolytic, pafupifupi magetsi okwana 15-17,000 magetsi (omwe alipo panopa) amafunikira kupanga tani imodzi ya aluminium yovuta. Ndipo pakadali pano mtengo wa cryolite wosawerengeka sungaganizidwe, makamaka ngati unapangidwanso.