Woyambitsa chiphunzitso cha reflex. Kupititsa patsogolo ndi mfundo za chiphunzitso chosaganizira

Buku lililonse la biology limanena kuti amene anayambitsa ndondomekoyi ndi Ivan Pavlov. Izi ndi zoona, koma ochita kafukufuku ambiri afufuza kachitidwe ka mitsempha ngakhale pamaso pa katswiri wamaphunziro wotchuka wa ku Russia. Zina mwa izo zinali zopindulitsa kwambiri zophunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi a Ivan Pavlov Ivan Sechenov.

Zofunikira pa chiphunzitso choganizira

Mawu akuti "reflex" amatanthawuza zochitika zogwirizana ndi zamoyo zamoyo ku zowonjezera zakunja. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti lingaliro limeneli liri ndi mizu ya masamu. Mawuwa anafalitsidwa ndi sayansi ndi René Descartes, yemwe ankakhala m'zaka za zana la 17. Iye anayesa kufotokoza, mothandizidwa ndi masamu, malamulo omwe dziko la zamoyo zilipo.

Rene Descartes si yemwe anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha reflex mu mawonekedwe ake amakono. Koma adapeza zambiri mwa zomwe zidasandulika. Descartes anathandizidwa ndi William Garvey, dokotala wa Chingerezi yemwe poyamba anayamba kufotokozera kayendetsedwe ka magazi m'thupi la munthu. Anaperekanso ngati mawonekedwe a mawotchi. Pambuyo pake njira iyi idzagwiritsa ntchito Descartes. Ngati Garvey anasintha mfundo yake ku thupi la thupi, ndiye mnzake wa ku France anagwiritsira ntchito kapangidwe kake pa kugwirizana kwa zamoyo ndi zakunja. Iye anafotokoza chiphunzitso chake mothandizidwa ndi mawu akuti "reflex", otengedwa kuchokera ku Chilatini.

Kufunika Kwambiri kwa Mapazi

Wasayansiyo ankakhulupirira kuti ubongo waumunthu ndiwo malo oyankhulana ndi anthu akunja. Kuonjezerapo, adalonjeza kuti kuchoka ku mitsempha ya mitsempha. Pamene zinthu zakunja zimakhudza mapeto a zida izi, chizindikiro chimalowa mu ubongo. Anali Descartes amene adayambitsa mfundo ya kukonda chuma mwa chiphunzitso chokhazikika. Mfundo ndi yakuti njira iliyonse yamanjenje yomwe imachitika mu ubongo imayamba chifukwa cha zomwe zimayambitsa.

Patapita nthawi, katswiri wa zamaphunziro a ku Russia, dzina lake Ivan Sechenov (yemwe anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha reflex), ananena kuti Descartes ndi mmodzi wa asayansi amene amadalira maphunziro ake. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, Mfarisiyo anali ndi malingaliro ambiri olakwika. Mwachitsanzo, amakhulupirira kuti nyama, mosiyana ndi anthu, zimagwira ntchito. Zofufuza za sayansi wina wa ku Russia - Ivan Pavlov - asonyeza kuti izi siziri choncho. Mchitidwe wamanjenje wa zinyama uli ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi munthu.

Ivan Sechenov

Munthu winanso yemwe adachita nawo mbali yophunzitsa ndondomekoyi ndi Ivan Sechenov (1829-1905). Iye anali mphunzitsi komanso mlengi wa zipatala zapakhomo. Wasayansi anali woyamba mu sayansi yapadziko lonse kuti atsimikizire kuti mbali zapamwamba za ubongo zimangogwira ntchito pamaganizo okha. Zisanayambe, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya thupi sanabweretse funso limene, mwinamwake, malingaliro onse a thupi la munthu ali ndi chikhalidwe cha thupi.

Pa maphunziro a ku France, Sechenov anatsimikizira kuti ubongo umakhudza magalimoto. Iye adapeza chozizwitsa cha pakatikati. Kafukufuku wake anabweretsa furore m'thupi labwino.

Kupanga chiphunzitso cha reflex

Mu 1863 Ivan Sechenov adafalitsa buku lakuti "Reflexes of the brain", lomwe limachotsa funso lakuti ndani amene aliyambitsa chiphunzitso cha reflex. Mu ntchitoyi, malingaliro ambiri anapangidwa, omwe anapanga maziko a zamakono zamakono za dongosolo lapamwamba la mitsempha. Makamaka, Sechenov adalongosola kwa anthu zomwe ziganizidwe za malamulo ndizo. Zimaphatikizapo kuti ntchito iliyonse yodziwa ndi yosadziwika ya zamoyo zimachepetsedwa kuti ichitidwe mkati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje.

Sechenov sanangopeza mfundo zatsopano, koma adachitanso ntchito yowonjezera zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi thupi la thupi. Anatsimikizira kuti chikoka cha malo akunja ndi chofunikira pokhapokha kukokedwa kwa dzanja, ndi kuoneka kwa lingaliro kapena kumverera.

Kutsutsa maganizo a Sechenov ku Russia

Sosaiti (makamaka Chirashi) sanatenge mwamsanga chiphunzitso cha physiologist wanzeru. Bukuli litatulutsidwa kuti "Reflexes of the brain", nkhani zina za asayansi zinasiya kusindikiza ku Sovremennik. Sechenov molimba mtima anatsutsa malingaliro a mpingo waumulungu. Anali wokonda zinthu zakuthupi ndikuyesera kutsimikizira chirichonse kuchokera pamalingaliro a zamoyo.

Mosasamala kanthu za zochitika zosawerengeka ku Russia, mfundo zenizeni za zochitika zozizwitsa zinalandiridwa bwino ndi gulu la sayansi la Old World. Mabuku a Sechenov anayamba kusindikizidwa ku Ulaya m'mawu akuluakulu. Wasayansi ngakhale kwa kanthaŵi anachotsa kafukufuku wake ku ma laboratories akumadzulo. Anagwira ntchito mwakhama ndi dokotala wa ku France Claude Bernard.

Cholandira chiphunzitso

M'mbiri ya sayansi, mungapeze zitsanzo zambiri za momwe asayansi akhala akutsatira njira yolakwika, kupereka maganizo omwe sagwirizana ndi zenizeni. Chigamulochi chikhoza kutchedwa chiphunzitso chokhudzidwa, chomwe chimatsutsana ndi maganizo a Sechenov ndi Pavlov. Kodi kusiyana kwawo ndi kotani? Mfundo yolandirira komanso yovuta kufotokozera mosiyana imatanthauzira momwe thupi limakhudzira zochitika za kunja.

Onse a Sechenov ndi Pavlov ankakhulupirira kuti kuganiza ndi ntchito yogwira ntchito. Lingaliro limeneli linakhazikitsidwa mu sayansi yamakono ndipo lero likuwonekeratu kutsimikizira. Chochita cha kuganiza ndi chakuti zamoyo zikuchita molimbika kwambiri ku zovuta zina kuposa zina. Chilengedwe chimasiyanitsa zofunikira kuchokera pa zosafunikira. Kulandira chiphunzitso, pambali inayo, akuti ziwalo zogwirizana zimachitapo kanthu mopanda chilengedwe.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov - amene anayambitsa ndondomeko yozizwitsa yofanana ndi Ivan Sechenov. Anaphunzira dongosolo lamanjenje moyo wake wonse ndikukula maganizo ake. Chodabwitsa ichi chinakopeka wasayansi ndi zovuta zake. Mfundo za chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa zinatsimikiziridwa ndi physiologist mu njira yoyesera. Ngakhale anthu kutali ndi biology ndi mankhwala adamva mawu akuti "galu wa Pavlov". Inde, sitinena za nyama imodzi. Pali agalu mazana ambiri amene Pavlov anagwiritsa ntchito poyesera.

Kulimbikitsana kwa maganizo osagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chonse komanso kufotokoza komaliza kwa chiphunzitso chonse chokhazikitsidwa chinali zosavuta kuziwona. Pavlov anali ataphunzira kale za dongosolo lakumadya kwa zaka khumi ndipo anali ndi agalu ambiri mu labotore yake, yomwe ankakonda kwambiri. Tsiku lina wasayansi ankadzifunsa chifukwa chake nyama idakhala ndi mpeni isanaperekedwe chakudya. Kuwonanso kwina kunasonyeza kugwirizana kodabwitsa. Saliva adayamba kuonekera pamene galuyo anamva chipangizo cha mbale kapena mau a munthu amene adamubweretsera chakudya. Chizindikiro choterocho chinayambitsidwa ndi njira yomwe inachititsa kuti apange madzi a m'mimba.

Zosintha zosavomerezeka

Nkhaniyi ili ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi Pavlov, ndipo anayamba kuyesera. Kodi ndi zifukwa zotani zomwe woyambitsa chiphunzitsochi anachipeza? Mapulaneti m'zaka za zana la XVII adayankhula za momwe thupi limakhudzidwira. Katswiri wa zaumoyo wa ku Russia anatenga lingaliro limeneli monga maziko. Kuphatikizanso, chiphunzitso cha Sechenov cha reflex chinamuthandiza. Pavlov anali wophunzira wake weniweni.

Poyang'ana agalu, wasayansi adadza ku lingaliro la kusalingalira kosagwirizana ndi malingaliro. Gulu loyamba linaphatikizapo zikhalidwe za thupi, zobadwa. Mwachitsanzo, kumeza, kuyamwa, ndi zina. Pavlov amatchedwa kusintha maganizo komwe anthu akukhala nawo pambuyo pobadwira kuchokera ku zochitika zawo komanso zochitika za chilengedwe.

Makhalidwe amenewa sali obadwa - iwo ali okhaokha. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, thupi limatha kutayika, ngati, ngati, chilengedwe chasintha, ndipo palibe chofunikira. Chitsanzo cholemekezeka kwambiri cha zovuta zogwirizana ndi zomwe Pavlov akuyesa ndi imodzi mwa agalu a laboratori. Chinyama chinaphunzitsidwa kuti chakudya chimabweretsa pambuyo poti nyali imatsegulidwa m'chipinda. Ndiye physiologist inatsatira mawonekedwe atsopano reflexes. Ndipo ndithudi, posachedwa galuyo adayamba kuimirira yekha, pomwe adawona babu wophatikizapo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, sadapatsidwa chakudya.

Mfundo zitatu za chiphunzitso

Mfundo zodziwika padziko lonse za chiphunzitso cha Sechenov-Pavlov reflex zimachepetsedwa kukhala malamulo atatu. Kodi iwo ndi chiyani? Choyamba mwa izi ndi mfundo yokhala ndi zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Descartes. Malingana ndi iye, ndondomeko iliyonse yamanjenje imayamba chifukwa cha kuchitidwa kwapadera. Pa lamulo ili, chiphunzitso choganizira za maganizo a maganizo chimachokera.

Lachiwiri ndilo kukhazikitsa maziko. Lamuloli likunena kuti mawonekedwe a madongosolo a zamanjenje amatengera molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zawo. Mwachizolowezi, zikuwoneka ngati izi. Ngati thupi liribe ubongo, ntchito yake yochuluka yamanjenje imasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chake choyambirira.

Mfundo yomalizira ndiyomwe ikuyendera ndikugwirizanitsa. Zimakhala m'zinthu zina za neurons zomwe zimakhala zoletsedwa, komanso zina - chisangalalo. Njirayi ndi kufufuza za thupi. Zotsatira zake, zamoyo zimatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zozungulira ndi zozizwitsa.