Mawu akuti 'biosphere'. Makhalidwe a chilengedwe

Nkhaniyi ikudziwitsani za "biosphere", idzakuuzani za kapangidwe kake.

Mawu oti "biosphere" kwenikweni amatanthawuza ngati "gawo la moyo". Kwa nthawi yoyamba inayamba kulowetsedwa mu sayansi ndi wasayansi wa ku Austria Edward Suess mu 1875. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo JB Lamarck pambuyo pake anagogomezera kuti zinthu zonse zomwe zimapanga makungwa padziko lonse lapansi zinapangidwa chifukwa cha ntchito za zamoyo. Kutanthauzira kwamakono za lingaliro la "biosphere" kumatanthauza chipolopolo chapadera cha Dziko lapansi, momwe muli zamoyo zonse ndi kupitirizabe kuyanjana ndi zidutswa za chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi. Mapangidwe ake anayamba zaka pafupifupi 3.8 biliyoni zapitazo, pakubadwa kwa zamoyo zoyamba padziko lapansi. Zamoyo ndi maonekedwe ake ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu za chilengedwe. Maonekedwe a chipolopolochi amaphatikizapo mbali yakumtunda ya lithosphere, lonse hydrosphere ndi gawo lochepa la chilengedwe.

Mapangidwe a biosphere amatsimikizira kupezeka kwa:

• Chilengedwe chokhala ndi zamoyo padziko lapansi.
• Dothi la biogenic linalengedwa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zamoyo, zomwe zimakhalapo chifukwa chokonzekera ndi kulengedwa ndi zamoyo (mpweya, mafuta, peat, malasha, miyala yamchere, etc.). Kuyambira kubadwa kwa zamoyo zoyamba, iwo aphonya maulendo zikwi zambiri kudzera mu ziwalo, maselo, magazi, makisitomala nyanja yonse ya padziko lapansi, gawo lalikulu la mlengalenga, kuchuluka kwa mchere.
• Thupi la biojeni limapangidwa popanda thandizo la zamoyo.
• Zida zamagazi, zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwazinthu zosagwirizana ndi zamoyo ndi ntchito yofunikira ya zamoyo, kukhala ndi zovuta zofanana (matope, nthaka, kutsetsereka kwa nyengo, etc.). Mwa iwo malo otsogolera akukhala ndi zamoyo.
• Chinthu chomwe chili mu kuvunda kwa radioactive.
• Maatomu otambasula, omwe amachokera ku zinthu zilizonse zakuthambo, chifukwa cha mazira a dzuwa.
• Zinthu zosaoneka, zakuthambo.

Padera, tifunika kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mfundo yoyamba ya lingaliro lofanana ndi momwe chilengedwe chimayambira. Zamoyo ndi zovuta za matupi a zamoyo. Misa yake ndi yaying'ono, poyerekeza ndi zonsezo, ndi 2.4-3.6 x 1012 matani olemera. Ichi ndi gawo limodzi la mamiliyoni limodzi la mlengalenga lonse, lomwe ndilopansi pa masentimita ambiri padziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti sizing'onozing'ono kulemera kwake, ndizofunikira kwambiri monga mphamvu ya geochemical ya Padziko lapansi, chifukwa zamoyo sizingoyendetsa moyo wawo mu chipolopolo ichi, komanso zimakhudza kusinthika kwa mawonekedwe a dziko lapansi, lomwe limakhala mosagwirizana. Kawirikawiri amapezeka m'munsi mwa lithosphere ndi lithosphere, pamtunda waukulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nthaka, pamwamba pa dziko lapansi ndi pamwamba pa hydrosphere. Malo omwe akugawidwawo amadziwika kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko.

Mapangidwe a biosphere, malinga ndi VI. Vernadsky, yemwe poyamba adalenga chiphunzitso cha biosphere, ali ndi zigawo zitatu: aerobiosphere, hydrobiosphere ndi geobiosphere.

Mu aerobiosphere zimakhala zamoyo, chifukwa moyo umene chinthu chachikulu chimakhala chinyezi cha mlengalenga. Madzi akumwa m'mlengalenga ndi zigawo za aerosol zomwe zimachokera pansi zimakhala zofunikira zowonjezera mphamvu za moyo wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu gawoli. Pachifukwachi, igawidwa (mwachidwi) muzing'onozing'ono - malo a altobiosphere ndi troposphere.

Hydrobiosphere ndiyo madzi onse a dziko lapansi, omwe amakhala ndi hydrobionts. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, hydrobiosphere ili ndi nyanja ya biosphere (madzi a m'nyanja ndi nyanja) ndi aquabiosphere ( madzi atsopano akum'mwera ).

Mu geobiosphere, geobionts amakhala, omwe dziko lapansi liri lolimba ndi mulingo woyenera kwambiri.

Anthu ambiri chaka chilichonse amachititsa kuti zamoyo zisinthe komanso zimagwirizana nazo, zomwe zimachititsa kusintha kosasinthika. Chilengedwechi chimatchedwa "malo osokoneza bongo". Zamoyo ndi zamoyo zinaphunziridwa mozama ndi aphunzitsi: Vernadsky, Lysenko, Pulofesa Lepeshinsky ndi ena ambiri maganizo apamwamba ku Russia ndi kunja.