Mndandanda wa zitsanzo zosamalira. Chiwerengero cha zachuma ndi masamu

Taganizirani mfundo iyi: "Zithunzi. Chiwerengero cha mafano "kuchokera ku sayansi ya maonekedwe.

Kulemba

Pakali pano, pali kusiyana pakati pawo kukhala magulu osiyana. Malingana ndi cholinga, chigawo ichi cha zochitika zachuma-masamu chimatanthawuza:

• Mitundu yowonongeka yomwe ikugwirizana ndi phunziro la makhalidwe onse ndi njira;
• Zitsanzo zogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zathandiza kuthetsa mavuto ena azachuma. Amaphatikizapo zitsanzo za kulingalira, kusanthula zachuma, kasamalidwe.

Mndandanda wa zochitika zachuma-masamu umagwirizananso ndi gawo la ntchito yawo yeniyeni.

Zamkati mwa zitsanzo

Malinga ndi zomwe zili zovuta, zitsanzo zoterezi zigawikidwa m'magulu:

• Mitundu yopanga zonse;
• Zosankha zosiyana za madera, machitidwe, mafakitale;
• Mavuto ogwiritsira ntchito zakudya, kupanga, kufalitsa ndi kupanga ntchito zogwirira ntchito, ndalama, mgwirizano wachuma.

Kuwonetseratu kwa mafanizo a maguluwa kumatanthauza kudzipatula kwa kayendedwe ka ntchito, kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, kayendedwe ka ntchito.

Pochita kafufuzidwe pa zachuma za zitsanzo zamalonda ndikufotokozedwa ndi kugwirizana kwa gawo limodzi. Monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndizotheka kuzindikira mitundu ya machitidwe a interbranch.

Zochita zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malamulo azachuma a mgwirizano wa ndalama. Chinthu chimodzi ndi chimodzimodzi chikhoza kuwonetsedwa mwa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ogwirizana, palimodzi.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwazithunzi zapangidwe kafukufuku pa zachuma ndizovomerezeka ndi kugwirizana kwa magawo ena. Chinthu chofanana ndi ichi ndi machitidwe oyanjana.

Zitsanzo zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu malamulo a zachuma. Chinthu chomwecho ndizo zitsanzo za khalidwe la ogula pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogulitsa.

Kusiyana pakati pa zitsanzo

Tiyeni tione zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero cha zitsanzo zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa, zimaphatikizapo kupatsidwa njira zowonetsera komanso zofotokozera. Pogwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo zofotokozera, wina akhoza kufotokozera zochitika zowonongeka, kulosera kuthekera kwa kukhalapo kwa mfundo zina.

Cholinga cha ndondomeko yofotokozera

Zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira zodziŵika bwino zokhudzana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana mu chuma chamakono. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zonse zochitika zachuma za magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu zimakhazikitsidwa, njira zowonjezera za chitukuko chazinthu zina muzochitika zonse kapena popanda zochitika kunja zimaphunzira. Malingana ndi zotsatira zomwe zapezeka pa kufufuza kwa anthu, mukhoza kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha zofuna za makasitomala.

Zosamalidwe zowonetsera

Ndi chithandizo chawo, mutha kuchita ntchito yogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, tikhoza kupereka chitsanzo chokonzekera bwino.

Machitidwe azachuma-masamu akhoza kukhala ovomerezeka komanso ofotokozera. Ngati chitsanzo cha interbranch balance chikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa nthawi yapitayi, ndizofotokozera. Powerengera ndi chithandizo cha njira zabwino zopezera chuma, ndizowonjezera.

Zizindikiro za zitsanzo

Chiwerengero cha zitsanzo chimatengera nkhani ya ntchito zosiyana zomwe zimathandiza kufotokoza nthawi zovuta. Njira yowonetsera ikupeza kutayika kwakukulu mukulinganiza kwake.

Malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha kudziwika kwa maubwenzi omwe amachititsa mavuto, pali mndandanda wa zitsanzo za zosankha zomwe zikuphatikizapo zinthu zina zosadziwika komanso zosasintha, komanso zitsanzo zosagwirizana. Ndikofunika kusiyanitsa kusatsimikizika, komwe kumachokera ku lingaliro laling'ono, ndi kusatsimikizika kumene kumapitirira malire a lamulo.

Kugawidwa kwa zitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi

Zomwe akuganizazi ndizopangitsa kuti mitunduyi ikhale yosiyana siyana. Zithunzi zolimbitsa thupi zimaganizira zokhalapo nthawi zonse. Kusiyana kwa mphamvu kumadziwika ndi kusintha kwa nthawi. Malinga ndi nthawi yomwe ntchitoyi ikugwiritsidwira ntchito, zitsanzozi zingakhale zosiyana siyana:

• Kanthawi kochepa, nthawi yake sichidutsa chaka;
• Nthawi yapakatikati, yowerengedwa kwa nthawi ya zaka chimodzi mpaka zisanu;
• Nthawi yayitali, yowerengedwa kwa zaka zoposa zisanu.

Malingana ndi momwe polojekitiyi ikuyendera, imaloledwa kusintha momwe mukugwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo.

Mu mawonekedwe a zikhulupiliro za masamu

Maziko a zitsanzo zamakono ndi mtundu wa zikhulupiliro za masamu zomwe zasankhidwa kuntchito. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka powerengera ndi kufufuza kalasi yazithunzi zoyenera. Lingalirani mitundu yachuma ya zitsanzo. Chiwerengero cha zitsanzo za mtundu umenewu chimathandiza kuphunzira kusintha kwa chakudya ndi kufunika kwa anthu pochitika kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zawo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chitsanzo cha zachuma chikuyesa kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu poyambitsa kuchulukitsa, kuganizira momwe ntchito yogwirira ntchito ikugwiritsire ntchito bwino.

Malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha zovuta zowopsya komanso zosadziwika zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu chitsanzo, mndandanda wa zitsanzo za mitundu iyi kumakhala yotseguka ndi yotseguka machitidwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chitsanzo chilichonse chiyenera kuphatikizapo osasintha omwe amatha kusintha, choncho machitidwe otseguka kwathunthu ndi ovuta kwambiri. Zithunzi zosaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyana (kutsekedwa kwamasinthidwe) sizinali zachilendo. Kuti tipeze njira yotereyi, zidzakhala zofunikira kuti tisawononge zachilengedwe, kuti tisawonongeke kwenikweni za dongosolo lenileni la zachuma ndi zogwirizana.

Pamene zotsatira za maphunziro a masamu ndi zachuma zikuchulukira, chiwerengero cha zitsanzo ndi machitidwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Pakalipano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana imagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso nyumba zomangamanga zovuta. Mndandanda wodziphatikiza wa zitsanzo zamalonda sunakhazikitsidwe panthawiyi. Motero ndizotheka kuzindikira za magawo khumi omwe pamayendedwe a mitundu ya zitsanzo.

Mitundu ya zitsanzo

Chitsanzo cha mawu kapena mawu amatanthauzira za ndondomeko kapena zochitika. Nthawi zambiri timayankhula za malamulo, malamulo, theorem, kapena magawo angapo.

Chithunzi chowonetseratu chimapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a mapu, mapu, malo. Mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano pakati pa zofuna za wogula ndi mtengo wa zopangidwe zingayimiridwe pogwiritsa ntchito nkhwangwa. Chithunzichi chikuwonetseratu ubale pakati pa ziwirizi.

Zojambula zenizeni kapena zakuthupi zimapangidwira zinthu zomwe sizinachitike.

Mgwirizano wa magulu a zinthu

Pali mndandanda wa zitsanzo zamalangizo zomwe zili pa:

• Mderalo, mothandizidwa ndi momwe kufotokozera ndi kulingalira kwa zizindikiro zina za chitukuko cha malonda zikuchitidwa;
• Pa microeconomic, cholinga cha kufufuza kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka kupanga;
• Macroeconomic, pogwiritsa ntchito kuphunzira zachuma.

Palinso mitundu yosiyana ya mitundu yoyang'anira zachilengedwe. Zimagawidwa muzosiyana-siyana, ziwiri, ziwiri.

Malinga ndi cholinga cha chilengedwe ndi ntchito, zotsatirazi zikusiyana:

• Kuzindikira, kukhala ndi zotsatira zomveka bwino;
• Stochastic, yomwe imaganiza kuti zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta.

Mu chuma chamakono, zitsanzo zamalonda zimasankhidwa, zomwe zikuwonetsera zofunikira za maziko ndi ntchito zawo. Zolemba zawo zimagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a square chess matrices.

Palinso mitundu yowonjezera ndalama, poyerekeza kuti njira za masamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji. Pa zitsanzo zoterezi zikuwonetsa chitukuko cha zizindikiro zazikulu za dongosolo la zachuma lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kudzera mchitidwe wautali. Iwo amafunidwa mu kufufuza ndi kuyembekezera zinthu zina zachuma zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chidziŵitso chenicheni cha chiwerengero.

Zitsanzo za optimization zimatha kusankha njira zosiyanasiyana (zosatheka) zosankha zomwe mungathe kupanga, kumwa, kapena kugawa. Kugwiritsira ntchito zochepa zochepa muzochitika izi kudzakhala njira zowonjezera zedi zowonjezera cholinga.

Zitsanzo zojambulidwa zimaphatikizapo kugwira nawo ntchito osati katswiri chabe, komanso mapulogalamu apadera ndi makompyuta. Dongosolo la akatswiri a zidziwitso likukonzekera kuthetsa ntchito imodzi kapena zambiri za munthu.

Zithunzi zamakono ndizochitika ndi zochitika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nthawi. Kawirikawiri, chitsanzo ichi chakonzedwa kuti chichite ntchitoyi kuti zifike pamapeto a ntchitoyi.

Malingana ndi mtundu wamasankhidwe a masamu, zitsanzo zoterezi zikudziwika:

• Matrix;
• Kulimbitsa thupi;
• Mtanda;
• Kusamalira katundu;
• Queuing.

Maphunziro a zachuma ndi masamu

Ntchitoyi ndi yopindulitsa, imamvera ndondomeko inayake yowona. Pakati pa magawo akulu a kulenga chitsanzo ndi:

• Kukhazikitsa vuto la zachuma ndikupanga kusanthula kwake;
• Kupititsa patsogolo masamu;
• Kukonzekera kwa chiyambi choyamba;
• Njira yambiri;
• Kusanthula zotsatira zomwe zinapezeka, ntchito yawo.

Pofuna kupeza vuto la zachuma, m'pofunika kufotokozera momveka bwino za vutoli, kuzindikira zofunikira ndi magawo a chinthu chowonetsedweratu, kuyesa kugwirizana kwa zinthu zina kuti afotokoze chitukuko ndi khalidwe la chinthu chomwe chilipo.

Pamene mukukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha masamu, mgwirizano pakati pa kulinganitsa, kusalinganika, ndi ntchito zikuwululidwa. Choyamba, dziwani mtundu wa chitsanzo, fufuzani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito pa ntchito inayake, pangani mndandanda wa magawo ndi zosiyana. Poganizira zinthu zovuta, zitsanzo zosiyana-siyana zimamangidwa, kotero kuti aliyense amadziwika pambali pa chinthucho.

Ndiye ziwerengero zoyenera za masamu zikuchitidwa, zotsatira zimaganiziridwa.

Kutsiliza

Pakalipano, palibe lingaliro losiyana lachitsanzo. Chiwerengero cha zitsanzo ndi zofunikira, koma izi sizichepetsa kufunika kwake.