Intersectoral bwino. Chitsanzo cha bwino interbranch. Vuto la bwino yapakati-m'makalata

Pa kukonzekera Ndakhuta anati. Kaya maganizo athu kuti ndondomeko imeneyi, ife mowirikiza anakumana ndi kufunika zikugwirizana mphamvu zawo ndi zokhumba zawo. Ndipo ngati moyo wanu mmodzi kapena awiri kungakhale cholakwika ndi madongosolo, ndiye chuma cha boma, ndipo ngakhale mphamvu lonse Union molakwa chilamulira chikhalidwe ndalama ndi phindu ungachititse bwanji. Choncho, yapakati-m'makalata kusamala chuma zamakono ndi mwatsatanetsatane wake wa katundu ndiponso ali ndi udindo waukulu.

Kusamala chitsanzo - ndichiyani?

Economic-masamu mawerengeredwe kachitidwe ndi njira athe kutenga amagwiritsa otchedwa bwino zitsanzo zochokera poyerekeza ndi kukhathamiritsa wa zinthu zomwe zilipo. Kumbali masamu, njira bwino kumaphatikizapo pomanga dongosolo la maikwezhoni kuti likufotokoza mmene kusasiyana pakati mankhwala ndi kufunika mankhwala.

Phunziro gulu zambiri imakhala mabungwe angapo a zachuma, zomwe zili mbali ya kupanga chimadyedwa domestically, ndi mbali atengedwa kuchoka chimango chake ndipo adadziwa ngati "chomaliza mankhwala". Kusamala zitsanzo kuti mawu akuti "gwero" osati "mankhwala", n'zotheka kulamulira ntchito mulingo woyenera chuma.

N'chiyani chimachititsa lachitsanzo

interbranch bwino njira - mbali yofunika kwambiri akatswiri a zachuma. Ndi bokosi la koefishienti zimene zimasonyeza kumwa zinthu pa malo anasankha ntchito. Pofuna kuthetsa tebulo ya maselo ndizodzazidwa ndi malamulo a ndalama mwachindunji kupanga gulu la ulimi.

Chifukwa zovuta za dongosolo ntchito ntchito yeniyeni ya aliyense ogwira ntchito limodzi sikutheka. Choncho, koefishienti (magawanidwe) mopitirira pa otchedwa "makampani woyera", mwachitsanzo. E. wina kuti integrates maofesi onse zotsimikizira mosatengera kuti subordination kapena mtundu umwini. Izi zimachititsa vuto kwambiri yokonza mbali zambiri zitsanzo za chuma kachitidwe.

Nobel Prize chifukwa lachitsanzo

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa kufunika kwa kudziwa malire pakati pa ulimi wa nthambi zosiyanasiyana anapereka Soviet chuma amene anaphunzira ziwerengero chitukuko chuma kwa zaka 1923-1924. The bwana choyamba mfundo zokha za khalidwe limasonyeza pakati pa zigawo kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amenewa.

Koma weniweni othandiza kugwiritsa ntchito maganizo sapezeka. Patapita zaka zingapo pa zachuma V. V. Leontev anakonza kufunika kulumikizana yapakati-m'makalata mu chuma. ntchito yake wakhala zoyenera kulenga ndi masamu chitsanzo kuti amatilola osati kudziwa zikuchitika ya chuma cha dziko, komanso kuti yesezera zitsanzo zotheka.

Interbranch bwino m'dziko otchedwa njira "athandizira-linanena bungwe". Ndipo mu 1973, wasayansi anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel mu zachuma pa chitukuko cha kusanthula mtanda m'makalata a zanyengo ntchito.

Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo

Chitsanzo cha Leontief bwino athandizira-linanena bungwe ntchito yosanthula boma la chuma US. Pa nthawi imene postulates ongolankhula anatengedwa mawonekedwe a maikwezhoni weniweni liniya. mawerengedwe Izi zinasonyeza kuti mitengo akufuna ndi asayansi zizindikiro za kulumikizana kwa pakati pa zigawo, ndi khola ndithu nthawi zonse.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World wakhala kusanthula Leontief athandizira-linanena bungwe bwino chuma Nazi ku Germany. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku uyu usilikali US anazindikira mipherezero pamalo abwino ofunika. Ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo, khalidwe ndi buku la kongoletsani-pangano kachiwiri akadali otsimikiziridwa pa maziko a mfundo timapemphera chitsanzo cha Leontief bwino athandizira-linanena bungwe.

Soviet Union anamanga chitsanzo nthawi 7 kuyambira 1959. Asayansi ankaganiza kuti kwa zaka zisanu zapitazi, Gona zachuma tinganene kuti khola, choncho onse zikhalidwe ankaona kuti malo amodzi. Komabe, njira ya amene sanalandire kufalitsa linafalitsidwa kwambiri, T. Kwa. Ubale Boma zipatso kwakukulukulu mukopedwe mavuto azandale. The asapita weniweni chuma ankatengedwa monga sekondale.

Akamanena za maganizo

Chitsanzo cha bwino interbranch - tanthauzo kwa ubale amasulidwe mankhwala makampani chomwecho, ndi ndalama ndi kumwa katundu wa m'magulu onse okhudzidwa kupanga mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kwa kupanga malasha, zipangizo zitsulo akufunika; Pa nthawi yomweyo, zitsulo ayenera malasha yadothi. Choncho, muyezo athandizira-linanena bungwe kumakhala kovuta kupeza chiŵerengero cha malasha ndi zitsulo, zimene zotsatira azachuma kudzakhala maximized.

M'njira timapangira tikhoza kunena kuti zotsatira za chitsanzo anamanga tingadziwire Mwachangu kupanga ambiri, kupeza njira mulingo woyenera wa mitengo, ndi kuzindikira zinthu zofunika kwambiri kukula zachuma. Komanso njira limachititsa kuchita kulosera.

ntchito yaikulu

• njira structuring wa kubereka, zochokera zakuthupi ndi zikuchokera chuma chuma makampani.
• Fanizo la kutuluka kwa mankhwala ndi kugawa ake.
• Kuphunzira zambiri za ndondomeko kupanga chilengedwe cha katundu, m'badwo ndalama pa mlingo wa Boma zachuma.
• Kukhathamiritsa wa tinakambirana zinthu zofunika za ulimi.

Pakuti njira "athandizira-linanena bungwe" anafotokozedwa ntchito mawunikidwe ndi zowerengera. Analytical amalola kulosera njira zazikulu za chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi chuma wonse; kompyuta kuti vutoli kusintha deta osiyana ndi zizindikiro. Ntchito zowerengera amapereka kugwirizana afufuze za mfundo kuchokera ku magwero osiyana - kuchokera mabizinezi, ndalama dera, ntchito msonkho, etc ...

Masamu chitsanzo view

Kumbali masamu, chikalata chitsanzo - dongosolo la maikwezhoni masiyanidwe (osati nthawi zonse liniya), zomwe zimasonyeza chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano pakati okwana umatulutsa mankhwala makampani ndi kufunika kwake.

Chitsanzo cha zamalonda nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe tabular (onani. Mkuyu.). Iwo akaphatikiza mankhwala lagawidwa pawiri: chamkati (wapakatikati) ndi komaliza. Chuma cha dziko amaonedwa monga dongosolo la mafakitale N wochezeka, omwe atenge mbali ya kukonza ndi wonyeketsa.

quadrants

Leontief athandizira-linanena bungwe bwino lagawidwa m'zigawo zinayi (quadrants). Aliyense nusu (mkuyu. Iwo atha 1-4) ali wokhutira zachuma. Mu anasonyeza woyamba mtanda m'makalata zinthu kulankhulana - mtundu wa checkerboard. The koefishienti ili pa mphambano ya mizere ndi mizati, anatchulidwa XY ndipo ali ndi mfundo za otaya mankhwala pakati pa nthambi. X ndi Y - chiwerengero cha mafakitale yotulutsa ndi kunyeketsa mankhwala. Chikhazikitso x23 Mwachitsanzo, ayenera kulitanthauzira motere: kufunika njira ya ulimi, inakhazikitsa mu gawo 2 ndi 3 amadya makampani (ndalama chuma). Uwerenge mbali zonse za ku nusu woyamba ukuimira pachaka thumba reimbursement zakuthupi.

Ku nusu yachiwiri ndi ya mankhwala komaliza mafakitale onse zotsimikizira. Pomalizira pake akutchedwa, kosaoneka gawo yopanga m'dera la mowa komaliza ndi kudzikundikira. Kukodzedwa bwino chithunzi chikusonyeza njira ya ntchito mankhwala: boma ndi oziyimila paokha mowa, yosungirako, achire komanso katundu.

Ku nusu lachitatu limafotokoza ndalama dziko. Ndi Uwerenge linanena bungwe ukonde (malipiro a ndalama ya nthambi) ndi thumba chipukuta misozi. Ndipo chachinayi anasonyeza mfundo za kufalitsidwa chomaliza. Ndi pa mphambano za mizati ndi mizere ya quadrants chachiwiri lachitatu. Mfundozi n'kofunika kumvetsa mapangidwe a dongosolo la ndalama zolowa ndi ya anthu, magwero a ndalama, ndalama ya dera sanali zipatso , ndi zina zotero D..

Onani kuti chiwerengero chonse cha wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi wachinayi quadrants (payekha) ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwala chaka.

anapereka kwa maikwezhoni

Ngakhale kuti anali atasiya dziko mankhwala si yokhala a wina mbali pamwamba, komabe alipo pepala bwino. Danga ufulu wa nusu wachiwiri, ndi mzere ili pa lachitatu, kusonyeza aakulu dziko mankhwala. mfundo kuwapeza zinthu izi, limakupatsani onani kulondola kwa muyezo okwana. Komanso, akhoza kuthandiza kulenga chitsanzo zachuma ndi masamu.

Kutanthauza makampani aakulu mankhwala ndi X ndi index lolingana ndi chiwerengero cha nthambi akhoza kukonza monga chiŵerengero zofunikira ziwiri. Tanthauzo chuma anthu aone kuti pali loyamba ndi awa: kuchuluka kwa ndalama zofunika pa nthambi iliyonse ya chuma ndi kupanga ake ukonde liri aakulu m'banja mankhwala anafotokozedwa ndi makampani (mizati).

The aone kuti pali lachiwiri la muyezo interbranch limasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama chuma kugula mankhwala ena ndi chomaliza mankhwala a munthu kapena dera lina aakulu makampani linanena bungwe (bwino mzere).

Mapeto view a dongosolo la maikwezhoni

Ndi mitunduyi onse pamwamba, tikuuzidwa mu chitsanzo mfundo amenewa:

• ndalama mwachindunji masanjidwewo koefishienti A = {au};
• aakulu linanena bungwe vekitala X (ndime);
• vekitala wa chomaliza mankhwala Y (ndime).

Model mu mawonekedwe masanjidwewo adzakhala anafotokozedwa ndi mgwirizano wa:

X = nkhwangwa + Y.

Patsalanso yekha kuti aganizirenso bwino ndi monga moyo kukula, ndipo mwa mawu a ndalama.