Chiphunzitso cha zinthu zakuthambo ndi chilankhulo chodziwika bwino kwa anthu odziwa bwino zinthu

Chiphunzitso cha zinyama, m'chilankhulo chofala, chikuyimira chilengedwe monga kusonkhanitsa kwazingwe zamagetsi. Ndiwo maziko a chilengedwe. Lingaliro limafotokoza zinthu zina - nthambi. Zonse mu dziko lathu lapansi zimaphatikizapo kuzunzika kwa zingwe ndi nthambi. Zotsatira za chilengedwe cha lingaliro ndi kulongosola kwa mphamvu yokoka. N'chifukwa chake asayansi amakhulupirira kuti ili ndi chinsinsi chophatikiza mphamvu yokoka ndi zochitika zina.

Lingaliro likukula

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wogwirizana, chiphunzitso cha zinyama, ndizofunikira masamu. Monga mfundo zonse zakuthupi, zimachokera ku equation zomwe zingathe kumasuliridwa mwanjira inayake.

Lero, palibe amene akudziwa ndendende zomwe zidzakhale mapeto a chiphunzitsochi. Asayansi ali ndi lingaliro losadziwika bwino la zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana, koma palibe wina amene akubwera ndi mgwirizano womaliza umene ungaphatikizepo malingaliro onse a zinyama, ndipo sanayambe ayesedwa kutsimikizira (ngakhale atayesedwa, nayenso). Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adalenga chiwerengero chosavuta, koma pano sichifotokoze bwino chilengedwe chonse.

Chiphunzitso cha zinthu zogwirira ntchito

Maganizo asanu amachokera ku lingaliro.

1. Chiphunzitso cha zinyama zimaneneratu kuti zinthu zonse za dziko lathu lapansi zimakhala ndi zida zowonongeka ndi mphamvu zamagetsi.
2. Iye amayesera kugwirizanitsa chiphunzitso chachikulu cha kugwirizana (mphamvu yokoka) ndi quantum physics.
3. Chiphunzitso cha zinyama zimagwirizanitsa mphamvu zonse za chilengedwe chonse.
4. Izi zimagwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwatsopano, supersymmetry, pakati pa mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya particles, mabwana ndi fermions.
5. Lingaliro limalongosola kuchuluka kwina, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchuluka kosakwanirika kwa chilengedwe.

Zida ndi Nthambi

Pamene chiphunzitsocho chinayambira m'ma 1970, mphamvuyi imatengedwa ngati zinthu 1 - zamphongo. Mawu akuti "gawo limodzi" akunena kuti chingwe chili ndi mbali imodzi yokha, kutalika, mosiyana ndi, mwachitsanzo, malola ndi kutalika kwake.

Mfundo zogwiritsa ntchitoyi ndizigawo ziwiri - zatsekedwa ndi zotseguka. Chingwe chotseguka chili ndi mapeto omwe samakhudza, pamene chingwe chatsekedwa ndi chipika chosatsegulidwa. Zotsatira zake, zinapezeka kuti zida izi, zotchedwa zida za mtundu woyamba, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu iwiri yoyambira.

Kuyanjana kumachokera pa kuthekera kwa chingwe kuti agwirizane ndikulekanitsa mapeto ake. Popeza malekezero a zingwe zotseguka zingagwirizane kuti apange zingwe zotsekedwa, munthu sangathe kupanga chiphunzitso cha zinthu zomwe siziphatikizapo zingwe zomangidwa.

Izi zinakhala zofunikira, popeza zingwe zotsekedwa zili ndi katundu, monga asayansi amakhulupirira, omwe angakhoze kufotokozera mphamvu yokoka. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, asayansi anazindikira kuti chiphunzitso cha zinyama, mmalo mofotokozera magawo a nkhani, akhoza kufotokoza khalidwe lawo ndi mphamvu yokoka.

Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri, anapeza kuti, kuwonjezera pa zingwe, chiphunzitsocho chinafunikira zina. Amatha kuonedwa ngati mapepala, kapena mabanki. Zingwe zingagwirizane ndi mbali imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri.

Matenda ambiri

Sayansi yamakono ili ndi malamulo awiri apamwamba a sayansi: chiphunzitso chachikulu cha kugwirizana (GTR) ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum. Zimayimira magawo osiyanasiyana a sayansi. Filosofi ya quantum imaphunzira tinthu ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono, ndipo GTR, monga lamulo, imalongosola chikhalidwe chake mu masikelo a mapulaneti, milalang'amba ndi chilengedwe chonse. Zolemba zomwe amayesa kuzigwirizanitsa zimatchedwa nthano za mphamvu yokoka. Wodalirika kwambiri wa iwo lero ndi chingwe chimodzi.

Zingwe zotsekedwa zimagwirizana ndi khalidwe la mphamvu yokoka. Makamaka, ali ndi zida za graviton, tinthu tomwe timagwedeza mphamvu pakati pa zinthu.

Kugwirizana kwa mphamvu

Makhalidwe apamwamba amayesera kugwirizanitsa mphamvu zinayi - magetsi a magetsi, mphamvu zamphamvu ndi zofooka za nyukiliya, ndi mphamvu yokoka - imodzi. Mu dziko lathu lapansi, amadziwonetsera okha ngati zochitika zinayi zosiyana, koma chingwe cha theorists amakhulupirira kuti mu chilengedwe choyambirira, pamene panali mphamvu zazikulu zamagetsi, mphamvu zonsezi zimafotokozedwa ndi zingwe zomwe zimagwirizana.

Supersymmetry

Mitundu yonse m'chilengedwe ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: mabwana ndi fermions. Zolemba zamakono zimaneneratu kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pawo, kotchedwa supersymmetry. Kwa supersymmetry, bwana aliyense kumeneko ayenera kukhala ndi fermion komanso fermion bwana. Tsoka ilo, kukhalapo kwa particles koteroko sikunayesedwe koyesa.

Supersymmetry ndi mgwirizano wa masamu pakati pa zinthu zofanana. Zakafukufukuzo zinapezeka m'madera ena a fizikiya, ndipo ntchitoyi inachititsa kuti adziwe mfundo zowonjezereka zapamwamba (kapena chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino) pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970.

Ubwino umodzi wa supersymmetry ndikuti umachepetsa kwambiri ziwerengero, zomwe zimakulolani kusasintha mitundu ina. Popanda supersymmetry, kusinthanitsa kumayambitsa kutsutsana kwa thupi, monga miyezo yopanda malire ndi magetsi osaganizira .

Popeza kuti asayansi sanazindikire tinthu tomwe timatchula kuti supersymmetry, iwo akadalibe lingaliro. Akatswiri ambiri a sayansi amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha izi ndizofunikira mphamvu yochulukirapo, yomwe ikukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano wotchedwa Einstein E = mc ² . Mitundu iyi iyenera kukhalapo mu chilengedwe choyambirira, koma pamene idakhazikika pansi, ndipo pambuyo pa Big Bang mphamvuyo ikufalikira, zigawozi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zochepa.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zingwe zomwe zimagwedeza monga mphamvu zapamwamba zamphamvu zinatayika mphamvu, zomwe zinayambitsa izo kukhala zinthu zomwe zimagwedeza pansi.

Asayansi akuyembekeza kuti zochitika zakuthambo kapena zofufuza za particle accelerators zidzatsimikizira chiphunzitsochi, powulula zina mwa zinthu zopambana zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zoposa.

Zowonjezera zoonjezera

Chotsatira china cha masamu cha mndandanda wa mndandanda ndikuti ndi zomveka mu dziko lomwe miyeso yake ndi yaikulu kuposa itatu. Panopa, pali zifukwa ziwiri izi:

1. Zowonjezera zoonjezera (zisanu ndi chimodzi) zimasungunuka, kapena, mu mawu a chingwe chachingwe, chophatikizidwa ku kukula kwakukulu kosawerengeka, komwe sikudzawonedwe konse.
2. Timagwiritsidwa ntchito mu-dimensional brane, ndipo miyeso ina imadutsa patali ndipo sichitha kufika kwa ife.

Njira yofunika yopenda kafukufuku pakati pa aorists ndi masamu a momwe masinthidwe enawa angagwirizanitsire ndi athu. Zotsatira zatsopano zatsimikiziranso kuti asayansi posachedwapa adzazindikira miyeso yowonjezera iyi (ngati alipo) mu kuyesa komweko, chifukwa akhoza kukhala aakulu kuposa momwe ankayembekezera.

Kumvetsa Cholinga

Cholinga chomwe asayansi akufuna kufufuza zapamwamba ndi "lingaliro la chirichonse," ndiko, lingaliro logwirizana logwirizana lomwe, pamlingo wofunikira, limafotokoza zonse zakuthupi. Ngati apambana, akhoza kufotokoza mafunso ambiri ponena za chilengedwe chathu.

Kufotokozera za nkhani ndi misa

Imodzi mwa ntchito zazikuru zamakafukufuku wamakono ndi kufufuza njira zothetsera particles weniweni.

Makhalidwe apamwamba anayamba monga lingaliro lomwe limafotokoza tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga hadrons, ndi maiko osiyanasiyana apamwamba a chingwe. Muzinthu zamakono zamakono, nkhaniyi yawonetsedwa mu chilengedwe chathu ndi zotsatira za kutulutsa kwa zingwe ndi mabanki ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri. Mavuto ndi mphamvu zowonjezera amapanga timagulu ta mphamvu zamtunduwu, zomwe sizilipo mdziko lathu lino.

Unyinji wa mapepala a pulasitikiyi ndiwonetseratu momwe zingwe ndi nthambi zimaphatikizidwira muzowonjezereka zowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani yosavuta, ngati atakulungidwa ngati mawonekedwe, otchedwa masamu ndi akatswiri a sayansi, chingwechi chikhoza kukulunga fomu iyi m'njira ziwiri:

• Mphindi wapang'ono kupyolera pakati pa mliri;
• Kutalika kwautali kuzungulira kunja kwina kulikonse.

Chingwe chachidule ndi chophweka chophweka, ndipo chachikulu chimakhala cholemera. Pamene kukulumikiza zingwe kuzungulira miyeso yozungulira yofanana, zida zatsopano ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa.

Chiphunzitso chazithunzi ndi chachidule komanso chomveka bwino, chimafotokozera mwachidule kusintha kwa kutalika kwa misala. Miyezo yowonongeka ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa yovuta, koma mfundo zake zimagwiranso ntchito.

Mwina ngakhale kuti ndi kovuta kulingalira kuti chingwe chimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale ndi mbali ziwiri panthawi imodzimodzi, zotsatira zake zidzakhala mtundu wina wosiyana. Mipata imatha kukulitsa miyeso yowonjezerapo, yopanga mwayi wochuluka.

Tanthauzo la malo ndi nthawi

M'masinthidwe ambiri, chiphunzitso cha kuyeza kumatsitsimutsa, kumapangitsa kuti zisakwaniritsidwe pa zamakono zamakono za chitukuko.

Pakalipano sichikuwonekeratu ngati chiganizo cha mndandanda chingathe kufotokozera momwe malo ndi nthawi zakhalira kuposa momwe Einstein adachitira. Muyeso yake ndi chiyambi cha kugwirizana kwa zingwe ndipo alibe cholinga chenicheni.

Ndemanga zinaperekedwa zomwe sizinachitike kwathunthu, ponena za kuwonetsera nthawi yachinsinsi monga chichotsero cha ndalama zonse zothandizira zingati.

Njira iyi siyikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a akatswiri ena a sayansi, omwe adayambitsa kutsutsa maganizo. Nthano ya mpikisano ya mphamvu yowonjezereka yakuyambira monga chiyambi ikugwiritsira ntchito quantization ya malo ndi nthawi. Ena amakhulupirira kuti pamapeto pake idzakhala njira yina yokha yofanana.

Kuchepetsa mphamvu yokoka

Kupindula kwakukulu kwa kulingalira uku, ngati kuli kutsimikiziridwa, kudzakhala chiwerengero cha mphamvu yokoka. Kufotokozera kwa mphamvu yokoka kwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri sikugwirizana ndi quantum physics. Chotsatiracho, choletsedwa pa khalidwe la timagulu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono, poyesa kufufuza chilengedwe chonse, chimayambitsa kutsutsana.

Kugwirizana kwa mphamvu

Pakalipano, mphamvu zinayi zofunikira zimadziwika ndi akatswiri a sayansi: mphamvu yokoka, mphamvu zamagetsi, zofooka ndi zamphamvu za nyukiliya. Kuchokera ku chingwe chachindunji chikutsatira kuti iwo anali kamodzi mawonetseredwe amodzi.

Malingana ndi lingaliro ili, popeza chilengedwe choyambirira chinakhazikika pansi pambuyo pa phokoso lalikulu, kugwirizana kumeneku kunayamba kugawidwa mosiyana, kumachita lero.

Kuyesera ndi mphamvu zazikulu tsiku lina zidzatilola kuti tipeze kugwirizana kwa mphamvuzi, ngakhale kuti kuyesera koteroko kuli kutali kwambiri ndi chitukuko chamakono chamakono.

Zisanu zosankha

Pambuyo pa kusintha kwakukulu kwa 1984, zochitika zinachitidwa ndi liwiro la fever. Chotsatira chake, mmalo mwa lingaliro limodzi, asanu adapezedwa, otchedwa mtundu I, IIA, IIB, HO, HE, omwe ali pafupi kufotokoza kwathunthu dziko lathu, koma osati kwathunthu.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, kubwereza zowonjezera mndandanda wa chingwe mu chiyembekezo chopeza njira yeniyeni yowona, adapanga matembenuzidwe asanu osiyana omwe ali nawo. Zina mwazinthu zawo zinawonetsera zenizeni za dziko, zina sizigwirizana ndi zenizeni.

Nthano ya M

Pamsonkhano wa chaka cha 1995, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Edward Witten adapempha njira yothetsera vuto la zifukwa zisanu. Pogwirizana ndi chiwiri chatsopano, onsewa anakhala opadera pa mfundo imodzi yomwe imatchedwa Witten M-theory of superstrings. Chimodzi mwa mfundo zake zazikulu zinali nthambi (kufotokozera kwa memphane), zinthu zofunikira zomwe zili ndi gawo limodzi. Ngakhale kuti wolembayo sanapereke chidziwitso chonse, chomwe sichinafikepo, chiphunzitso cha M chazithunzi chimaphatikizapo mwachidule zinthu zotsatirazi:

• 11-dimensionality (malo khumi ndi kuphatikiza nthawi 1);
• Kugwirizana, komwe kumabweretsa ziphunzitso zisanu zomwe zikufotokozera zomwezo;
• Nthambi ndizoyimbira, ndi zoposa 1 kukula.

Zotsatira

Zotsatira zake, m'malo mwa chimodzi, panali zisankho ^10,500 . Kwa akatswiri ena a sayansi, izi ndi zomwe zinayambitsa vutoli, pamene ena adalandira mfundo ya chidziwitso yomwe imalongosola zochitika za chilengedwe mwa kukhalapo kwathu. Zidzakhala zoyembekezeka, pamene aphunzitsi adzapeza njira yina yolingalira pazochitika zazing'ono.

Ena amatanthauzira kuti dziko lathu silimodzi. Mabaibulo okhwima kwambiri amalola kukhalapo kwa chiwerengero chosatha cha mayiko ena, omwe ena ali ndi makope athu enieni.

Chiphunzitso cha Einstein chikulosera kukhalapo kwa malo omwe amatchedwa wormhole kapena mlatho wa Einstein-Rosen. Pankhaniyi, madera awiri akutali akugwirizana ndi ndime yochepa. Chiphunzitso cha zinthu zakuthambo chimalola osati izi zokha, komanso kugwirizana kwa maulendo akutali a dziko lapansi. Ngakhale kusintha pakati pa maunivesite ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana a fizikiya n'kotheka. Komabe, nkotheka kuti chiwerengero cha mphamvu yokoka chidzachititsa kuti moyo wawo ukhale wosatheka.

Akatswiri ambiri a sayansi ya chikhulupiliro amakhulupirira kuti mfundo yowonongeka, pamene zonse zomwe zili m'kati mwa malo, zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zili pamwamba pake, zidzathandiza kumvetsa bwino za mphamvu ya mphamvu.

Ena amakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso cha zinyama chimalola kuchulukitsa kwa nthawi, zotsatira zake zomwe zingakhale ulendo kudzera mwa iwo.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mkati mwa lingaliroli pali njira ina yotsatila yaikulu, monga momwe chilengedwe chathu chinawonekera chifukwa cha kugunda kwa mabulu awiri ndipo chimadutsa mu zochitika zambiri mobwerezabwereza ndi chiwonongeko.

Cholinga chachikulu cha chilengedwe chonse chakhala chikugwiritsira ntchito akatswiri a sayansi, ndipo ndondomeko yomaliza ya mndandanda wa chingwe idzakuthandizira kuzindikira kuchuluka kwake kwa nkhani ndi nthawi zonse zakuthambo. Podziwa izi, akatswiri a cosmologists adzatha kukhazikitsa ngati chilengedwe chidzatha mpaka icho chikuphulika kuti chirichonse chiyambe kachiwiri.

Palibe amene amadziwa zomwe lingaliro la sayansi likhoza kutsogolera mpaka lipangidwe ndi kuyesedwa. Einstein, kulemba equation E = mc ² , sanayembekezere kuti izo zidzawatsogolera ku zida za nyukiliya. Ozilenga za fizikia ya quantum sankadziwa kuti zidzakhala maziko opangira laser ndi transistor. Ndipo ngakhale kuti sichidziwika kuti lingaliro lopatulika liti lidzatsogolere, mbiriyakale ikusonyeza kuti padzakhala chinthu chapadera.

Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mfundo imeneyi zingapezeke m'buku la Andrew Zimmermann la Theory of Superstrings for Dummies.