"Njoka za Farao": zosangalatsa zamakina. Kodi mungapange bwanji "pharao njoka" kunyumba?

Kwa zambiri, maphunziro a zamagetsi ndizunza kwenikweni. Koma ngati muli ndi kumvetsetsa pang'ono pa nkhaniyi, mukhoza kuchita zosangalatsa ndikusangalala nazo. Inde, ndipo aphunzitsi sangawapweteke kuti asangalatse ophunzira awo. Kwa ichi, otchedwa pharao njoka ali angwiro.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Ndithudi, chiyambi cha dzina la "njoka ya Farao" sichikudziwika ndi wina aliyense, koma nthawi yake yakhala ikuchitika pa zochitika za m'Baibulo. Kuti akondweretse Farao, mneneri Mose, pa uphungu wa Ambuye, adaponyera ndodo yake pansi, ndipo anasanduka njoka. Kamodzi m'manja mwa osankhika, chiwetochi chinakhalanso antchito. Ngakhale, ngakhale kuti, palibe chofanana pakati pa momwe zofufuzazi zimapezekera ndi zochitika za m'Baibulo.

Kuchokera pa zomwe mungapeze "pharao njoka"

Dothi lofala kwambiri popanga njoka ndi thiocyanate yogwirizana. Komabe, kuyesera kwake kungagwiritsidwe kokha mu labotale yokonza mankhwala. Mankhwalawa ndi owopsa ndipo ali ndi fungo losautsa losasangalatsa. "Njoka ya Farao" panyumba ikhoza kulengedwa kuchokera pa mapiritsi omwe amagulitsidwa ku mankhwala alionse popanda mankhwala, kapena feteleza zamchere kuchokera ku sitolo ya hardware. Poyesa kuyesa, calcium gluconate, urotropine, soda, shuga wofiira, saltpetre ndi zina zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zingagulidwe pa pharmacy kapena sitolo.

"Njoka" kuchokera kumapiritsi okhala ndi sulfonamides

Njira yosavuta yochitira pakhomo ndizochitikira "njoka za Farao" kuchokera ku mankhwala a gulu la sulfanilamide . Izi ndi mankhwala monga Streptocide, Biseptol, Sulfadimezin, Sulfadimetoksin ndi ena. Mankhwalawa ali m'nyumba pafupifupi aliyense. "Njoka za Farao" zopangidwa ndi sulfonamides zimakhala zonyezimira mofewa, ndipo zimakhala ngati nkhuni za chimanga. Ngati mutenga "mutu" wa njokayo pogwiritsa ntchito kupukuta kapena kumangiriza, ndiye kuti mutha kuchoka pa reptile yaitali kuchokera piritsi.

Kuti mugwire ntchito ya "njoka ya Farao", muyenera kuyatsa moto kapena mafuta ouma. Mapiritsi angapo amaikidwa pa mowa wouma, womwe umatayidwa. Zotsatira zake zikapitirira, zinthu monga nitrogen, sulfure dioxide, hydrogen sulphide ndi mpweya wa madzi zimamasulidwa. Njira yothandizira izi ndi izi:

C ₁₁ H ₁₂ N ₄ O ₂ S + 7 O ₂ = 28 C + 2H ₂ S ↑ + 2SO ₂ ↑ + ₈ N ₂ ↑ + 18 H ₂ O

Chochitika ichi chiyenera kuchitidwa mosamalitsa, chifukwa sulfure dioxide ndi poizoni kwambiri, komanso sulfide sulfure. Choncho, ngati simungathe kutsegula chipinda pamene mukuyesera kapena kutsegula, ndibwino kuti muchite izi pamsewu kapena mu labotale yapadera.

"Njoka" za calcium gluconate

Ndi bwino kuyesa zowonongeka kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe ziri zotetezeka, ngakhale zitagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa labotaleti yokhazikika. "Njoka ya Farao" yochokera ku calcium gluconate imapezeka mosavuta.

Izi zidzafuna mapiritsi 2-3 a mankhwala ndi kope la mafuta ouma. Motsogoleredwa ndi lawi, zimayambira, ndipo "njoka" imvi imatuluka kuchokera pa piritsi. Kuyesera kotere ndi calcium gluconate ndibwino kwambiri, komabe n'kofunika kukhala osamala pakuwatsogolera. Mankhwalawa amachititsa kuti:

C ₁₂ H ₂₂ CaO ₁₄ + O ₂ = ₁₀ C + 2CO ₂ ↑ + CaO + ₁₁ H ₂ O

Monga momwe mukuonera, pali zomwe zimachitika ndi kutulutsidwa kwa madzi, carbon dioxide, carbon and calcium oxide. Ndikugawa kwa mafuta omwe amachititsa kukula. "Njoka za Farao" zimapezeka kutalika mpaka masentimita 15, koma ndizokhalitsa. Pamene ayesa kuwatenga, amathyola.

"Njoka ya Farawo" - momwe mungapangire feteleza?

Ngati muli ndi munda pa chiwembu kapena dacha, ndiye kuti payenera kukhala feteleza osiyana. Chofala kwambiri, chomwe chingapezekedwe muchitetezo cha chilimwe wokhalamo ndi mlimi - saltpetre kapena ammonium nitrate. Kuyesera kumafuna kusambidwa mchenga wa mchenga, theka supuni ya supuni ya saltpeter, hafu ya supuni ya supuni ya shuga wofiira, supuni ya ethyl mowa.

Ndikofunika kukhumudwitsa mchenga. Zowonjezera zazikuluzo, mbalameyi idzakhala "njoka". Kusakaniza bwino kwa saltpeter ndi shuga zimaphimbidwa mu phokoso ndi kutsanulira ndi ethyl mowa. Kenaka mowa umatayika, "njoka" imayamba pang'onopang'ono.

Zimene zimachitika zikuchitika motere:

2NH ₄ NO ₃ + C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O ₁₁ = ₁₁ C + 2 N ₂ + CO ₂ + 15H ₂ O.

Kugawidwa kwa zinthu zoopsa pazomwekuchitikazi kumalimbikitsa kutsatira malamulo a chitetezo.

"Njoka ya Farao" kuchokera ku chakudya

"Njoka za Farao" sizipezeka kwa mankhwala kapena feteleza. Pazochitika zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito mankhwala monga shuga ndi soda. Zipangizo zoterezi zimapezeka mu khitchini iliyonse. Kuchokera mchenga wa mtsinje unapanga phiri ndi kukulitsa ndi kuledzera ndi mowa. Tsabola wa shuga ndi soda yophika yosakaniza mu chiŵerengero cha 4: 1 ndi kutsanulira mu groove. Mowa watenthedwa.

Kusakaniza kumayamba kutembenuka wakuda ndi pang'onopang'ono kutupa. Pamene mowa umatha kutenthedwa, zing'onoting'ono zing'onoting'ono "zokwawa" zimachoka mumchenga. Zotsatira zake ndi izi:

2NaHCO ₃ = Na ₂ CO ₃ + H ₂ O + CO ₂ ,

C ₂ H ₅ OH + 3 O ₂ = ₂ CO ₂ + 3H ₂ O

Kusakaniza kumapangika mu sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide ndi mpweya wa madzi. Ndi mpweya umene umayambitsa soda phulusa ndi kukula, zomwe sizikutentha panthawi yomwe zimayankha.

Wina "reptile" wochokera ku mapiritsi

Palinso njira yowonjezera yolandira "njoka ya pharaonic" kuchokera ku mankhwala. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kugula mankhwala "Urotropin" mu mankhwala. Mmalo mwa mapiritsi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta owuma okhala ndi mankhwalawa. Yankho la ammonium nitrate likufunikanso. Mankhwalawa "Urotropin" ayenera kukhala odzaza nawo. Komabe, simungagwiritse ntchito njira yothetsera nthawi yomweyo, kotero yonjezerani madontho pang'ono ndikuwume. Pankhaniyi, kuyanika kumachitika kutentha.

Pambuyo pake, piritsiyi imayaka. Zotsatira zake, sizikutanthauza "njoka" ngati "chinjoka". Komabe, ngati mumvetsetsa, izi ndi zofanana ndi "njoka za Farao". Koma chifukwa cha katundu wa zigawozi zimakhala zowawa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti apange mawonekedwe atatu.

"Nyoka" kuchokera ku thiocyanate yamtunduwu

Kwa nthawi yoyamba zomwe zinachitikira "njoka ya Farao" zinapezedwa kwa wophunzira wa zachipatala mu 1820. Friedrich Wöhler anasakaniza njira zothetsera nitrate ndi ammonium thiocyanate ndipo adapeza white crystalline precipitate. Chotsitsa cha thiocyanate chosakanizika chinayambitsidwa ndikuwotchedwa ndi wophunzirayo chifukwa cha chidwi. Kuchokera ku mankhwala oyaka moto anayamba kuphulika ndi mdima wakuda ndi wachikasu wa njoka.

"Njoka za Farao" zochokera ku rhodanide zosavuta zimapezeka mosavuta. Thupi liyenera kutenthedwa pamtunda wosagwira ntchito. Zotsatirazi zidzatsatira:

2Hg (NCS) ₂ = 2HgS + C3N4 + CS2

CS ₂ + 3 O ₂ = CO ₂ + ₂ SO ₂

Pansi pa kutenthedwa, kutentha kwa thiocyanate ku sulphide ya mercury (wakuda amapereka reptile), carbon nitride (amene amayang'anira chikasu cha njoka), ndi carbon disulfide (carbon disulphide). Zomalizirazi zimapsa komanso zimatha kukhala mpweya - carbon dioxide ndi sulfure oxide, zomwe zimawonjezera nitride ya carbon. Kenako, imatenga sulphide ya mercury, ndipo "njoka za Farao" zakuda ndi zachikasu zimapezeka.

Palibe chochitika ichi chingachitike kunyumba! Kuphatikizanso apo, mpweya woipawu umatulutsidwa, mercury vapor imamasulidwa. Mercury ili ndi poizoni yokha ndipo ingayambitse chiopsezo choopsa kwambiri cha mankhwala.

Chitetezo panthawi ya kuyesera

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zambiri zomwe "pharao njoka" zikhoza kutuluka zimatetezedwa, zoyesayesa ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamalitsa. Monga momwe tikuonera kuchokera pamwambapa, kupasuka kumatulutsa zokwanira poizoni, zomwe zingayambitse poizoni. Zomwe zingayeseke pakhomo pokhapokha mu chipinda chowotcha mpweya kapena pamaso pa malo amphamvu. Zizindikiro za thiocyanate yamtunduwu imatha kuchitika kokha mu labotale yowonongeka, kuyang'ana malamulo onse otetezeka.

Pomalizira, tikhoza kunena kuti pakuchita njoka za "njoka za Farao" m'kalasi, mphunzitsi akhoza kukonda ophunzirawo ndi phunziro lake. Phunziro, mwachiwonekere, limakhudzidwa ngakhale kwa omwe samvetsa komanso sakonda makina. Ndipo iwo amene amakonda kuchita mmalo mokhumudwitsa ziwerengero, amalandira zolimbikitsa zina ku kuphunzira sayansi.