Malo apamwamba a mapuloteni biosynthesis. Miyeso ya mapuloteni biosynthesis

Kusinthasintha kwa mapuloteni ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri. Ndi iye amene amathandiza thupi lathu kukula ndikukula. Zimakhudza maselo ambiri. Pambuyo pa zonse, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsa zomwe titi tipange.

Kodi ndi mapuloteni otani omwe ayenera kumangidwa panthawiyi? Amalandira zizindikiro m'ma maselo pokhudzana ndi kusowa kwa mapuloteni, kenako chiyambi chimayamba.

Kodi kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni ali kuti?

Mu selo iliyonse, malo oyamba a mapuloteni biosynthesis ndi ribosome. Izi ndizomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Zimapangidwa ndi RNA (ribonucleic acid) ndi mapuloteni. Ribosomes ikhoza kupezeka mwaulere. Koma nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsa ndi EPS, zomwe zimawathandiza kupanga ndi kutumiza mapuloteni. Ngati ribosomes amakhala pamtunda wotchedwa reticulum , imatchedwa EPS yovuta. Pamene kumasulira kuli kovuta, imodzi kapena yambiri ya ribosomes ikhoza kusuntha matrix umodzi pa nthawi. Amapita motsatizana ndipo samasokoneza ena organelles.

Chofunika ndi mapuloteni

Kuti pakhale ndondomeko yoyenera kuti zigawo zonse zapuloteni-synthesizing system zikhalepo:

1. Pulogalamu yomwe imatchula dongosolo la zotsalira za amino acid mu unyolo, womwe ndi mRNA, womwe umasamutsa chidziwitso ichi kuchokera ku DNA kupita ku ribosomes.
2. Amino acid zakuthupi, kuchokera kumene molekyumu yatsopano idzamangidwa.
3. TRNA, yomwe imapereka amino acid aliyense ku ribosome, idzagwira nawo ntchito yokonza ma genetic.
4. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
5. Ribosomes ndi malo enieni a mapuloteni biosynthesis .
6. Mphamvu.
7. Maginesium ions.
8. Mapuloteni (pa gawo lililonse lawo).

Tsopano ife tiwunika aliyense mwa iwo mwatsatanetsatane ndi kupeza momwe mapuloteni amakhalira. Njira yokhala ndi biosynthesis ndi yokondweretsa kwambiri, zigawo zonse zimagwira bwino kwambiri.

Pulogalamu yamakina, kufufuza kwa matrix

Zonse zokhudza zomwe amapuloteni amatha kumanga thupi lathu, zili mu DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid imateteza kusunga mauthenga. Imakhala yodzaza ndi ma chromosomes ndipo ili mu selo mkati mwa nucleus (ngati ili ndi eukaryotes) kapena ikuyandama mu cytoplasm (mu prokaryotes).

Pambuyo pofufuzira DNA ndikuzindikira kuti imayambitsa matenda, zinaonekeratu kuti sizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomasulira. Zochitikazo zinachititsa kuti aganize kuti RNA imayanjanitsidwa ndi mapuloteni. Asayansi anaganiza kuti iyenera kukhala mkhalapakati, kutumiza uthenga kuchokera ku DNA kupita ku ribosomes, kumakhala ngati chiwombankhanga.

Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, zida za ribosomes zinapezeka, ndipo RNA ndiyo mbali yaikulu ya maselo a ribonucleic acid. Kuti muone ngati ndi matrice a mapuloteni, AN Belozersky ndi AS Spirin mu 1956-1957. Anayesa kuyerekezera kuyerekezera kwa chiwerengero cha nucleic acid mu chiwerengero chachikulu cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Zinali kuganiza kuti ngati lingaliro la "DNA-rRNA-protein" ndondomeko, ndiye kuti RNA yonse idzasintha mofanana ndi DNA. Koma, ngakhale kusiyana kwakukulu kwa deoxyribonucleic acid mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana, chiwerengero chonse cha ribonucleic acid chinali chimodzimodzi mu mabakiteriya onse omwe anayesedwa. Motero, asayansi atsimikizira kuti RNA yeniyeni (i.e., ribosomal) sizolumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa wothandizira mauthenga a majini ndi mapuloteni.

Kupeza mRNA

Pambuyo pake anapeza kuti kachigawo kakang'ono ka RNA kamabwereza kachidutswa ka DNA ndipo kakhoza kukhala mkhalapakati. Mu 1956, E. Volkin ndi F. Astrachan adaphunzira za kapangidwe ka RNA mu mabakiteriya omwe anali ndi bacteriophage T2. Atagwera m'khola, adayamba kusintha mapuloteni. Komabe, zambiri za RNA sizinasinthe. Koma mu selo, kaphatikizidwe ka kachigawo kakang'ono ka RNA kosasunthika ka RNA kanayamba, ndondomeko ya nucleotide yomwe inali yofanana ndi ya DNA.

Mu 1961, kachigawo kakang'ono ka ribonucleic acid kanali kokha kumbali yonse ya RNA. Chiwonetsero cha ntchito yake ya mkhalapakati chinapezedwa kuchokera kuyesayesa. Pambuyo pa matenda a maselo okhala ndi phage T4, mRNA yatsopano inakhazikitsidwa. Zimagwirizanitsa ndi ankhanza akale a ribosomes (atsopano ribosomes sadziwidwa pambuyo pa matenda), zomwe zinayamba kupanga mapuloteni a phage. "DNA-yofanana ndi RNA" inali yothandizira chimodzi mwa mndandanda wa DNA.

Mu 1961, F. Jacob ndi J. Mono anasonyeza lingaliro lakuti RNA iyi imasintha chidziwitso kuchokera ku majeremusi kupita ku ribosomes ndipo ndi chiwerengero cha mchitidwe wa momwe amino acid amathandizira pochita mapuloteni.

Kutumizidwa kwa chidziwitso ku malo a mapuloteni akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mRNA. Ndondomeko yowerenga chidziwitso kuchokera ku DNA ndikupanga RNA yamatenda amatchedwa kulembedwa. Pambuyo pake, RNA imasintha zina zambiri, izi zimatchedwa "processing". Pakati pa izo, malo ena amatha kuchotsedwa mu matrix ribonucleic asidi. MRNA imapita ku ribosomes.

Kumanga zipangizo zamapulotini: amino acid

Zonsezi zilipo 20 amino acid, zina mwa izo sizingasinthe, ndiko kuti, thupi lawo silingathe kupanga. Ngati asidi aliwonse mu khola sakukwanira, izi zingachititse kuti pang'onopang'ono zisokonezedwe kapenanso kutsekedwa kwathunthu. Kukhalapo kwa amino acid iliyonse mokwanira ndizofunikira kwambiri pa biosynthesis yoyenera ya mapuloteni.

Zambiri zokhudza amino acid asayansi analandira mu XIX atumwi. Kenaka, mu 1820, awiri oyambirira amino acid ankatengedwa - glycine ndi leucine.

Zotsatira za mapuloteni ameneŵa mu mapuloteni (omwe amatchedwa mapangidwe apamwamba) amadziwitsanso zonse zomwe zimayendera, ndipo motero zimakhala zake zakuthupi.

Kutumiza amino acid: tRNA ndi aa-tRNA synthetase

Koma amino acid sungadzimangirire okha kukhala mapuloteni. Pofuna kuti aloŵe m'malo apamwamba a mapuloteni biosynthesis, ndilofunika kutumiza RNA.

Aliyense aa-tRNA synthetase amadziwa yekha amino acid ndipo ndi tRNA yokha yomwe imayenera kuikidwa. Zikuoneka kuti banja la mapuloteniwa limaphatikizapo mitundu 20 ya synthetases. Zimangotanthauza kunena kuti amino acid imagwirizanitsa ndi tRNA, makamaka, kwa hydroxyl acceptor "mchira." Asidi aliwonse ayenera kukhala nawo okha RNA. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Sichikuyerekezera amino acid ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kameneka, kamathandizenso momwe mapangidwe amagwirizano a ester akuyendera

Pambuyo poyankhidwa bwino, tRNA chotsatira chimatsatira malo a mapuloteni. Izi zimathetsa njira zothandizira ndikuyamba kufalitsa. Tiyeni tione magawo oyamba a mapuloteni biosynthesis :

• Kuyamba;
• Kusintha;
• Kutha.

Zotsatira za kaphatikizidwe: kuyambitsa

Kodi puloteni biosynthesis ndi ntchito ya malamulo? Asayansi akhala akuyesera kuti apeze nthawi yaitali. Zolingalira zambiri zinayikidwa patsogolo, koma zipangizo zamakono zowonjezera, bwino ife tinayamba kumvetsa mfundo za kumasulira.

Ribosome - malo enieni a mapuloteni biosynthesis - amayamba kuwerenga mRNA kuchokera pomwe mbali yake imayamba kukodola makina a polypeptide. Mfundo imeneyi ili patali ndithu kuchokera ku chiyambi cha RNA. The ribosome ayenera kudziwa mfundo pa mRNA kumene kuwerenga akuyamba, ndi kulumikizana nayo.

Kuyamba ndi zovuta zochitika zomwe zimayambitsa chiyambi Zimaphatikizapo mapulotini (zoyambira), woyambitsa tRNA ndi kondoni yapadera. Panthawi imeneyi, kachigawo kakang'ono ka ribosome kamangomangiriza mapuloteni oyambirira. Iwo samamulola iye kuti alumikizane ndi subunit yaikulu. Koma amalola kulumikizana ndi initiator tRNA ndi GTP.

Ndiye chovuta ichi "chimakhala pansi" pa mRNA, makamaka pa sitepeyi, yomwe imadziwika ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyambira. Zolakwitsa sizingakhoze kupangidwa, ndipo ribosome imayamba ulendo wawo pa RNA ya masisitere, powerenga ma codons ake.

Katunduwo akafika pa kondomu yoyamba (AUC), magulu ena amatha kusunthira ndipo, mothandizidwa ndi zina zoteteza mapuloteni, amamanga gawo lalikulu la ribosome.

Miyeso ya kaphatikizidwe: kupatula

Kuwerengedwa kwa mRNA kumaphatikizapo kusinthasintha kwa mapuloteni ndi polypeptide. Zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezerapo malo amodzi a asidi amino ndi amodzi omwe amamangidwa.

Mafuta atsopano a amino acid amaphatikizidwa kumapeto kwa carboxyl ya peptide, C-terminal ikukula.

Miyeso ya kaphatikizidwe: kutha

Pamene ribosome ifika pokhala codon ya template RNA, kaphatikizidwe wa polypeptide mndandanda watha. Pamaso pake, organelle silingavomereze tRNA iliyonse. M'malo mwake, zifukwa zotsalira zimatha. Amamasula mapuloteni okonzeka kuchokera ku ribosome yomwe yasiya.

Pambuyo pomaliza kumasuliridwa, ribosome ikhoza kutsika kuchokera ku mRNA, kapena kupitiliza kuyendamo, osati kumasulira.

Kukumana ndi ribosome ndi codon yatsopano yoyambitsa (pa mndandanda womwewo panthawi yopitiriza kuyenda kapena pamtunda watsopano wa mRNA) kudzatsogolera ku chiyambi chatsopano.

Mululekisi womalizidwa atachoka pamalo enaake a mapuloteni biosynthesis, amalembedwa ndi kutumizidwa kumalo omwe akupita. Ntchito zomwe zidzakwaniritsidwe zimadalira momwe zimakhalira.

Kulamulira njira

Malingana ndi zosowa zawo, selo lidzasungira mwachindunji kulengeza. Malamulo a puloteni biosynthesis ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Ngati selo silikusowa kulumikizana kulikonse, ilo lidzasiya biosynthesis ya RNA - mapuloteni biosynthesis amalephera kuchitika. Pambuyo pake, popanda matrix, dongosolo lonse silidzayamba. Ndipo mRNA yakale imatha mofulumira.

Palinso malamulo ena a mapuloteni a biosynthesis: selo limapanga mavitamini omwe amalepheretsa njira yoyambira. Zimasokoneza kumasulira, ngakhale ngati chiwerengero cha kuwerenga chikupezeka.

Njira yachiwiri ndiyodalirika pakakhala pamene maphatikizidwe a mapuloteni ayenera kutsegulidwa pakalipano. Njira yoyamba imapitiriza kupitiriza kusinthika kwa kanthaŵi kochepa pakutha kwa mRNA kaphatikizidwe.

Selo ndi njira yovuta kwambiri imene zinthu zonse zimasungidwa molingana ndi ntchito ya molecule iliyonse. Ndikofunika kudziwa mfundo za ndondomeko iliyonse yomwe imachitika mu selo. Kotero ife tikhoza kumvetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitika mu matenda ndi thupi lonse.