Zidulo mkati - alonda a uthengawu ku maselo

asidi mkati (phata - pakati) - mankhwala organic, amene kugwirizana ndi kuli njira zonse zoyambirira za nkhani moyo. biopolymers awa woyamba amadziŵika ndi F. Miescher (1968) ndi mtima leukocyte. A Patapita nthawi, zidulo mkati ake anafotokozedwa maselo yonse ya anthu, nyama ndi zomera, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi mavairasi. Choncho, zinali kuti izi mankhwala kwachilengedwenso ali maselo onse zamoyo, ndi onyamula waukulu mudziwe cholowa, ali nawo biosynthesis mapulotini wa chamoyo.

Mkati asidi ulaliki

zidulo mkati ndi apulasitiki magulu nucleoproteins. Mapeto mankhwala a hydrolysis awo - purine ndi pyrimidine zapansi, pentose ndi asidi phosphoric. Mipweya kusiyanitsa deoxyribonucleic (DNA) ndi asidi ribonucleic (RNA). Kapangidwe ka DNA ali m'gulu monosaccharide - deoxyribose, mu RNA - ribose. mankhwala awa amasiyana lililonse zapansi ena nitrogenous, ya kapangidwe ka tinthu, kutanthauzira ma, komanso ntchito.

Mankhwala molekyulu ongokhala purine kapena pyrimidine m'munsi ndi pentose (ribose, deoxyribose), wotchedwa nuklozidami. Title nuleozida anatsimikiza nitrogenous pawiri womwenso mu dongosolo lake. Mwachitsanzo, nucleoside womwenso adenine otchedwa adenosine, guanine - guanosine, cytosine - cytidine, uracil - uridine, thymine - thymidine. Malinga ndi chakudya amene amapanga mamolekyulu ndi kusiyanitsa rubonukleozidy ndi deoxyribonucleosides.

Kuwonjezera zapansi zofunika nitrogenous, asidi mkati   muli zambiri   ndi otchedwa zazing'ono m'munsi mwa purine mndandanda ndi pyrimidine (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine neri Al.).

Nucleotides ndi mankwala esters wa nucleosides. Molekyulu imakhala nyukiliotayidi purine kapena zapansi pyrimidine, pentose (ribose kapena deoxyribose) ndi phosphoric asidi zotsalira chimango kuti lachisanu kapena wachitatu atomu Carbo pentoses.

Mkati asidi kapangidwe ndi ntchito.

The nucleotides munthu amalowana mukulumikizidwa pamodzi mu mawonekedwe di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa, hepta ndi polynucleotides, i.e. zidulo mkati. zidulo mkati ndi lopangidwa mahandiredi kapena masauzande nucleotides munthu amalowana mukulumikizidwa pamodzi ndi gulu hydroxyl, lili 3'-TH atomu Carbo pentose wa nyukiliotayidi wina ndi asidi yotsalira phosphoric kuti ili pafupi 5 TH atomu Carbo pentose wa nyukiliotayidi lotsatira.

DNA ndi yaikulu majini zinthu machitidwe onse amoyo kwachilengedwenso. Mu zamoyo kupatula mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina, izo isanafalikire mu phata selo. A kuchuluka pang'ono asidi ndi anaikira mu mitochondria ndi chloroplasts.

zidulo Ribonucleic akhala kuzindikiridwa pafupifupi kachigawo selo. Kuchuluka wamkulu wa RNA ndi anaikira mu zigawo ribonucleoprotein - ribosomes. Izo ziyenera kuti ambiri a RNAs ali cytoplasm, ndipo% 10-15 yekha ndi gawo la ngale ya.

RNA zochokera kutanthauzira ma, ntchito zamoyo kulemera maselo ogaŵikana mitundu itatu: ribosomal, mayendedwe ndi masanjidwewo.

Ribosomal RNA isanafalikire mu granules cytoplasmic ribosomes kumene mwamphamvu womangidwa kwa mapuloteni ndi. Iwo yodziwika ndi kulemera mkulu maselo. Transport RNA amapezeka makamaka maselo hyaloplasm, madzimadzi nyukiliya ku mitochondria ndi chloroplasts. Ali ndi otsika maselo kulemera (40 chikwi. Daltons). Ntchito yawo yaikulu ndi mayendedwe a kwa amino zidulo adamulowetsa kuchokera kwa amino asidi zovuta - amp enzyme malo a mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe, mwachitsanzo, kuti ribosomes lapansi. maphunziro Scientific asonyeza kuti aliyense asidi kwa amino ali munthu yake tRNA. Pakali pano, pali zoposa 60 mitundu kutengerapo RNA.

Mtumiki RNA (Mtumiki RNA). Aliyense mRNA molekyulu pa kaphatikizidwe mu phata la amalandira mauthenga ochokera DNA ndi kusintha kwa ribosomes pamene akuyendera ndi mapuloteni biosynthesis.