Puloteni zachilengedwe - njira ndi ntchito

Kwambiri zipangizo zamakono zomangamanga, asatayike, nsalu, nkhani banja, ma CD ndi zipangizo consumable ndi ma polima. Ndi gulu la mankhwala ndi mbali khalidwe. Ambiri a iwo, koma ngakhale izi, chiwerengero cha ma polima chikukulirakulirabe. Pambuyo akatswiri onse kupanga anapeza chaka chilichonse koposa zinthu zatsopano. Pankhaniyi, tanthauzo lapadera nthawi zonse anali polima achilengedwe. ndi tinthu izi chodabwitsa chotani? Kodi makhalidwe awo ndipo kodi mbali? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa m'nkhani.

Ma polima: makhalidwe ambiri

Kwa zasayansi, polima ndi ankaona kuti molekyulu kukhala maselo kulemera lalikulu masauzande ochepa ambiri mayunitsi. Komabe, kupatula Mbali imeneyi, pali ena amene mankhwala akhoza ndendende wachinsinsi monga zachilengedwe ndi ma polima kupanga. Ali:

• zonse kubwereza mayunitsi monomer, amene chikugwirizana mwa ankachita osiyana;
• digiri polymerase (i.e., chiwerengero cha monomers) ayenera kukhala kwambiri, mwinamwake pawiri chingaoneke ndi oligomer;
• kudziŵa lathu okhudza malo a macromolecule ya;
• ya katundu zofunika thupi ndi mankhwala wapadera gulu.

Ambiri, thunthu la chikhalidwe polymeric distinguishable ku zinthu zina mosavuta. Munthu akhoza kungowauzira kuyang'ana pa chilinganizo wake kuzilingalira izo. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi polyethylene odziwika bwino, ankagwiritsa ntchito zapakhomo ndipo makampani. Ndi mankhwala a pa polymerization anachita, amene alowa unsaturated hydrocarbon ndi ethene kapena ethylene. Zimene ambiri olembedwa motere:

nCH ₂ = CH ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _N, kumene N - ndi mlingo wa polymerization wa mamolekyulu kusonyeza ngati mayunitsi monomer m'gulu kapangidwe kake.

Komanso monga chitsanzo, ndi polima zachilengedwe zomwe ziri zodziwika bwino, wowuma izi. Komanso, mu gulu ili la mankhwala a amylopectin, mapadi, nkhuku mapuloteni ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

Anachita, zomwe zinachititsa macromolecule akhoza kupangidwa, ndi mitundu iwiri:

• polymerization;
• polycondensation.

kusiyana ndi kuti mu nkhani yachiwiri, mankhwala anachita ndi otsika maselo kulemera. Kapangidwe ka polima akhoza zosiyanasiyana, malingana ndi ma atomu zomwe zimapanga izo. Nthawi zambiri pali njira liniya, koma pali atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena mauna, zovuta.

Ngati ife kulankhula za mphamvu ndiponso zimene ankachita akugwira mayunitsi monomer pamodzi, n'zotheka kudziwa mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Van der mphamvu Waals;
• mankhwala kogwirizana (covalent, amaayoni);
• mogwirizana elektronostaticheskoe.

ma polima onse sangathe pamodzi mu gulu limodzi chifukwa iwo ali ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana, njira ya mapangidwe ndi ntchito yosiyana. katundu wawo komanso ndife osiyana. Choncho, pali gulu kuti amalola kugawana ziwalo zonse za gulu ili la zinthu m'magulu osiyana. Bukuli lili angagone zizindikiro zingapo.

gulu la ma polima

Ngati timatenga maziko a zikuchokera Mkhalidwe wa mamolekyulu, zonse zinthu akhoza anatsimikiza magulu atatu.

1. The organics - onse amene ali ndi mpweya wa hydrogen, sulfure, mpweya, phosphorous, asafe. Ndiko kuti, zinthu zimene ali biogenic. Zitsanzo ndi kulemera polyethylene, polyvinyl enaake, polypropylene, rayon, nayiloni, polima zachilengedwe - mapuloteni, asidi mkati ndi zina zotero.
2. Elementorganic - ngati zikuchokera womwenso ena extraneous zochita kupanga ndi biogenic amafotokozera. Nthawi zambiri ndi pakachitsulo, zotayidwa kapena titaniyamu. Zitsanzo za macromolecules amenewa: organic galasi, steklopolimery, zipangizo gulu.
3. Mankwala - bodza pa maziko a unyolo pakachitsulo maatomu m'malo mpweya. The ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira angakhalenso mbali ya nthambi lateral. Iwo anatsegula monga posachedwapa monga pakati pa XX atumwi. Ntchito mankhwala, zomangamanga, zomangamanga ndi mafakitale ena. Zitsanzo za silikoni, cinnabar.

Ngati inu kugawa ma polima mu chiyambi, n'zotheka kudziwa atatu a gulu lawo.

1. ma polima Natural amene ntchito chimagwiritsidwa ikuchitika ndi akalewo. Awa macromolecules chilengedwe cha munthu sizikupanga yesetsani kuchita chilichonse. Iwo mankhwala a chikhalidwe cha zochita. Zitsanzo: silika, ubweya, mapuloteni, asidi mkati, wowuma, mapadi, zikopa, thonje ndi ena.
2. Amapanga. Awa macromolecules kuti analengedwa ndi munthu, koma pamaziko a analogues achilengedwe. Amene bwino monga ndi kusintha katundu wa polima zachilengedwe alipo. Zitsanzo: kupanga labala, mphira.
3. Kupanga - ma polima awa, chirengedwe chimene Munthu zinakhalira. Natural analogues kumeneko. Asayansi kukhala njira synthesizing zipangizo zatsopano zomwe ndi zosiyana bwino ntchito. Choncho amabadwa ndi kupanga mankhwala polymeric a mitundu yonse. Zitsanzo: polyethylene, polypropylene, rayon, CHIKWANGWANI nthochi ndi zina zotero.

Pali mbali ina, ndilo maziko a kulekana kwa zinthu mu gulu. Izi reactivity ndi kukana matenthedwe. Kuonetsetsa magawo awiri chizindikiro ichi:

• thermoplastic;
• thermosets.

Amakezana, chofunika ndi wofunika kwambiri akadali polima achilengedwe. katundu wake ndi wapadera. Choncho, ife yotsatira ndi gulu la macromolecules.

Amene thunthu ndi polima zachilengedwe?

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, choyamba ife pozungulira. Lozungulira ife? Zamoyo otizungulira amene kudya, kupuma, kubereka, pachimake ndi zipatso ndi mbewu. Ndipo iwo ali ku mfundo maselo bwanji? Ndi mankhwala monga:

• mapuloteni;
• zidulo mkati;
• polysaccharides.

Choncho, polima zachilengedwe ndi aliyense wa mankhwala pamwamba. Choncho zikuoneka kuti moyo padziko ife, pali zikomo okha pamaso pa mamolekyulu izi. Kuyambira kale, anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito dongo, kasakaniza ndi njira kwa kulimbikitsa ndi kumanga nyumba, nsalu thonje ubweya, ntchito polenga thonje zovala, silika, ubweya ndi khungu la nyama. Natural ma polima organic limodzi munthu pamisinkhu onse mapangidwe ake ndi chitukuko, ndiponso m'njira zambiri chinamuthandiza kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zomwe ife tiri nazo lero.

Mmene kupereka zonse kwa miyoyo ya anthu anali asavutike ngati nkotheka. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mphira anapeza kuti Mukalongosola katundu chidwi. Munthu waphunzira ntchito chakudya wowuma, mu luso - mapadi. Natural polima ndipo ndi camphor, yomwe imatchedwanso kuchokera kalelo. Resins, mapuloteni, zidulo mkati - zitsanzo zonse za mankhwala pansi kulingalira.

Kapangidwe ka ma polima zachilengedwe

Si onse a kalasi ya mankhwala ndi dongosolo lomwelo. Choncho, masoka ndi kupanga ma polima zingasiyane kwambiri. mamolekyulu awo zochokera kuti yopindulitsa kwambiri ndi yabwino kukhalapo mwa mawu a mphamvu. Komabe, ambiri mitundu zachilengedwe amatha pathupi ndi dongosolo lawo mu ndondomeko ya kusintha. Pali zingapo mitundu yofala dongosolo unyolo:

• liniya;
• nthambi;
• stellate;
• mosabisa;
• thumba;
• tepi;
• Chisa.

Amapanga ndi kupanga macromolecules oimira ndi misa lalikulu kwambiri, nambala yaikulu maatomu. Iwo analengedwa ndi katundu makamaka akufuna. Choncho, kapangidwe ka awo poyamba anakonza munthu. ma polima Natural komanso kawirikawiri kapena liniya kapena thumba pa kukonza.

Zitsanzo za macromolecules zachilengedwe

Natural ndi kupanga ma polima ali pafupi kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Pambuyo woyamba kukhala maziko a lachiwirilo. Zitsanzo za masinthidwe amenewa ndi ambiri. Nawa ena a iwo.

1. Ochiritsira pulasitiki yamkaka woyera - ichi ndi chipatso akamagwira chithandizo cha mapadi acid nitric ndi Kuwonjezera wa camphor achilengedwe. The polymerization anachita zimachititsa oipa wa polima analandira ndi kutembenuka kwa mankhwala ankafuna. A plasticizer - camphor, kupanga angathe olimbikitsa pamene mkangano ndi kusintha mawonekedwe awo.
2. Nthochi silika, cuprammonium CHIKWANGWANI, viscose - zitsanzo zonse za yarns, ulusi, amene analandira pamaziko a mapadi. Nsalu anapangidwa kuchokera thonje zachilengedwe ndi nsalu si amphamvu, osati waluntha, zosavuta crease. Koma analogues yokumba zofooka izi mosatsata, zimene zimapangitsa ntchito zawo ndi wokongola kwambiri.
3. Yokumba mwala, zomangamanga, zosakaniza zikopa - ndi zitsanzo za ma polima anachokera ku zipangizo achilengedwe.

A mankhwala omwe ndi polima zachilengedwe, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu maonekedwe ake woona. M'zitsanzo zimenezi ndi zambiri:

• rosin;
• Amber;
• wowuma;
• amylopectin;
• mapadi;
• ubweya;
• ubweya;
• thonje;
• silika;
• simenti;
• dongo;
• laimu;
• mapuloteni;
• asidi mkati ndi zina zotero.

Zikuonekeratu kuti patsogolo pathu gulu la mankhwala ndi lalikulu kwambiri, pafupifupi zofunika ndi yosangalatsa anthu. Tsopano tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane ena oimira ma polima zachilengedwe, zomwe amakonda pa mphindi.

Silika ndi ubweya

Chilinganizo cha masoka silika polima zovuta, chifukwa mankhwala ake zikuchokera chimaoneka ndi zigawo izi:

• fibroin;
• sericin;
• waxes;
• mafuta.

Yekha lalikulu mapuloteni - fibroin, ali mamembala a mitundu kwambiri kwa amino acid. Ngati panopa ndi unyolo polypeptide, izo lidzaonekera izi: (-NH-CH ₂ -CO-NH-CH (CH ₃₎ -CO-NH-CH ₂ -CO-) _N. Ndipo ichi ndi mbali chabe ya izo. Ngati ife tiyerekeze kuti dongosolo lonse pogwiritsa Van der Waals akulowa osati zochepa zovuta sericin mapuloteni molekyulu, iwo ali osokonezeka pamodzi conformation limodzi ndi phula ndi mafuta, n'zomveka chifukwa n'kovuta zikuwonetsera chilinganizo zachilengedwe silika.

Pakali pano, zambiri mankhwala amapereka China, chifukwa malo ake otsegula, pali malo achilengedwe kuti sewerolo chachikulu - amakhala. Poyamba, kuyambira nthawi yakale, silika lachibadwa anayamikira kwambiri. Kugula zovala kwa iye akanakhoza kokha mfulu, anthu olemera. Masiku ano, makhalidwe a minofu ndi osauka. Mwachitsanzo, iye kwambiri nyese ndi ankangodzigwera, kuwonjezera, kukhala pa dzuwa wotaya luster ake ndi kudetsa. Choncho, anasiya ntchito ena ofanana kupanga zace.

Ubweya - kumakhalanso polima zachilengedwe monga mankhwala ntchito yaikulu ya khungu ndi zopangitsa sebaceous nyama. Kuchokera pa mapuloteni mankhwala chopangidwa knitwear ichi, chimene, monga silika, ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali.

wowuma

wowuma Natural ndi moyo mankhwala polima mbewu. Iwo akuzipanga izo chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya dzuwa ndi kudziunjikira mu madera osiyana a thupi. mankhwala kapangidwe kake:

• amylopectin;
• amylose;
• alpha-shuga.

Kapangidwe okhudza malo a wowuma ndi nthambi kwambiri, disordered. Chifukwa m'gulu amylopectin, izo amatha kutupa m'madzi, kukhala otchedwa phala. Izi njira colloidal ntchito luso ndi makampani. Medicine, adzasowa chakudya, kupanga mapepala khoma zomatira - izo ndi ntchito thunthu.

Pakati pa zomera munali pazipita kuchuluka kwa wowuma tingaone:

• chimanga;
• mbatata;
• mpunga;
• tirigu;
• chinangwa;
• Mapila;
• buckwheat;
• nthochi;
• manyuchi.

Pamaziko a ichi biopolymer kuphika chakudya, kupanga pasta, kuphika zakudya, dzinthu ndi zina chakudya.

mapadi

Kwa zasayansi, ceni - ndi polima amene zikuchokera chimaoneka mfundo (C ₆ H ₅ O _{5) N.} Monomer wagawo unyolo ndi beta-shuga. Main malo zili mapadi - ndi maselo makoma a zomera. Ndicho chifukwa chake mtengo - opereka pawiri izi.

Mapadi - ndi polima zachilengedwe ali ndi liniya dongosolo okhudza malo. Izo ntchito yopanga mitundu zotsatirazi mankhwala:

• zamkati ndi pepala malonda;
• ubweya yokumba;
• mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi opangidwa;
• thonje;
• mapulasitiki;
• opanda utsi ufa;
• mafilimu ndi zina zotero.

N'zoonekeratu kuti phindu lake mafakitale ndi wamkulu. Kuti pawiri izi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi, ayenera kuyamba wachotsa zomera. Izi zachitika ndi kuphika mosalekeza nkhuni zipangizo zapadera. processing Komanso, komanso reagents ntchito chimbudzi zosiyana. Pali njira zingapo:

• sulfite;
• nitrate;
• ndi koloko;
• sulphate.

Pambuyo zimenezi, mankhwala lili ndi zosafunika. Pa mtima wa lignin ichi ndi hemicellulose. Kuchotsa iwo, zamkati mankhwala kapena soda.

Anthu, palibe catalysts kwachilengedwenso amene anatha kuphwanyaphwanya biopolymer lamavutoli. Komabe, nyama zina (herbivores), ndinazolowera izi. mimba zawo kuthetsa mabakiteriya ena kuti ndizipange izo kwa iwo. M'malo zamoyo amapeza mphamvu moyo ndi malo okhala. fomu iyi ya kudalirana n'kopindulitsa kwambiri onsewo.

mphira

Izi polima zachilengedwe ndi phindu wapatali zachuma. Kwa nthawi yoyamba limafotokonzera ndi Robert Cook, amene mu umodzi wa maulendo ake anamupeza. Izo zinachitika monga chonchi. Pambuyo ankafika pa chilumba kumene mbadwa moyo osadziwika, iye anali mwansangala iwo. maganizo ake anali amakopeka ndi ana a mu mpingowo amene ankaimba ndi nkhani yachilendo. Thupi ozungulira ndi amaipidwa kuchokera pansi ndi kulumpha mmwamba mu mlengalenga, ndiye anabwerera.

Funsani anthu m'dera zimene amapangidwa chidole ichi, Cook ndaphunzira kuti imeneyi solidifies madzi a mtengo - Hevea. Patapita nthawi yaitali, chinapezeka kuti ndi biopolymer mphira.

Mankhwala chikhalidwe cha pawiri kudziwika - ndi isoprene, zachilengedwe akukonza polymerization. Chilinganizo mphira (C ₅ H _{8) N.} katundu, chifukwa imene amapatsidwa ulemu kwambiri, motere:

• elasticity;
• durability;
• magetsi kutchinjiriza;
• watertight.

Komabe, pali zovuta. Mu zikhalidwe ozizira amakhala osalimba ndi Chimaona, ndi kutentha - yomata ndipo viscous. N'chifukwa chake panali kufunika kaphatikizidwe wa analogues wa yokumba kapena kupanga maziko. Today rubbers ankagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga ndi ntchito mafakitale. The mankhwala ofunika kwambiri potengera iwo:

• mphira;
• ebone.

Amber

Ndi polima zachilengedwe, kuyambira utomoni ndi ku matabwa ake, malasha mawonekedwe ake. Okhudza malo kapangidwe - njerwa amorphous polima. Kwambiri flammable, zikhoza azinyadira lawi la machesi. Ilo liri ndi katundu luminescence. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri ndi lofunika quality, amene ntchito zodzikongoletsera. Zokongoletsa pa maziko a Amber ndi wokongola kwambiri ndipo zikufunika kwambiri.

Komanso, biopolymer ntchito mu zolinga zachipatala. Chifukwa chopangidwa sandpaper utoto zokutira pamalo osiyanasiyana.