Kodi mtundu ndi chiyani: kutanthauzira, kutanthawuza, katundu wa semantic

Kodi mtunduwu ndi wotani? Mawu awa ali ndi matanthawuzo angapo, mwamtheradi, izo zingawoneke, osati zofanana. Izi ndizo zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala zofanana pakati pawo. M'madera amodzi kapena ena, tanthawuzo la mawu likhoza kusiyana pang'ono. Mawu ofanana kwambiri ndi mawu oti "mtundu" ndi gulu, ndipo nthawi zina mawu akuti "mtundu", "kalasi", "fuko" ndi ofunika.

Zimabweretsa zoweta zinyama

Ponena za zinyama, gulu lalikulu la mitundu ina limatchedwa thanthwe, lodziwika ndi makhalidwe enaake, onse a morphological ndi majini. Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti malo amtundu uliwonse wa intraspecific amapangidwa ndi munthu kudzera mu chisankho chotsatira ndi cholimba.

Anthu obadwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoweta amatchedwa mapula, kapena hybrids. Pofuna kusunga jini pakubereka, mizere yambiri ya nyama imalengedwa, kotero kuti, popanda chofunikira kwambiri, palibe chifukwa choyambira ku inbreeding.

Zinyama zazikulu kwambiri zinyama zimatha kuziwona agalu, amphaka, akavalo, nkhuku, nkhunda. Nthaŵi zina deta yapakati mwa mitundu imodzi ndi yosiyana kwambiri moti imakhala ikuwonekeratu kuti kubzala kwake kumakhala kotani. Yerekezerani pang'ono ndi Russian hound ndi bulldog ya ku France.

Kodi mtundu wa abambo oweta ndi mtundu uti? Izi, koposa zonse, deta zakunja za chiweto: kutalika pamene zikufota, kuyika makutu, mawonekedwe a mutu, kutalika kwa miyendo, mtundu wa maso. Pazinthu izi ndi zina zambiri zimayesedwa kuti nyamayo ili pafupi bwanji ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi aphungu.

Kupanga miyala

Kodi mawu akuti "mtundu" amatanthauzanji kwa katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka? Chinthu choyamba chimene munthu wogwira ntchitoyi adzakumbukila ndizomwe zimapanga dziko lapansi. Thanthwe lirilonse limapangidwa ndi amodzi kapena mitundu yambiri ya mchere yomwe ili ndi zovuta kapena zomasuka. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wasayansi wa ku Russian Vasily Mikhailovich Severgin mu 1798.

Kodi mtundu wa miner ndi minda yonse ya migodi ndi chiyani? Ichi ndi chokhazikitsa pansi, chomwe muli zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kapena mchere.

Kodi mtundu wa anthu ndi uti?

Ponena za munthu, mawu awa ali ndi matanthawuzo angapo amodzimodzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera za thupi, kukula, kumanga, mwachitsanzo: "Anali munthu wamtali, wamphwaphwi omwe anali a mtundu waukulu."

M'madera ena (makamaka kumadera akunja), nthawi zina mtundu umatchedwa kuti dzina la mtundu uliwonse kapena mtundu uliwonse: "Ndikudziwa mtundu wanu wonse." Phindu limeneli pang'onopang'ono limakhala lopanda ntchito, mosiyana ndi kutanthauzira kofotokozedwa apa.

Mitundu imeneyi imatchedwanso anthu onse omwe ali ndi makhalidwe omwewo kapena omwe ali ndi mtundu wina wa ntchito zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kudzidzimana ndi kudzipereka pa chifukwa chawo. Kotero inu mukhoza kunena za ozimitsa moto, opulumutsa kapena ankhondo.

M'mabuku, izi ndi tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mtundu". Tiyeni tiwerenge ndemanga za olemba otchuka padziko lonse.

• "Pali mtundu wapaderadera wa anthu omwe amadzipereka makamaka kuti amanyansidwa ndi zochitika zonse za moyo" (Anton Pavlovich Chekhov).
• "Pali mtundu wotere wa anthu: pakuti chilichonse chimene amachita, palibe chilichonse chimene chimangokhalapo" (Haruki Murakami).
• "Ndikuwona, mwana, molingana ndi mawu oti mtundu wako wabwino" (Homer).