Mafuta a hydrocarboni: mawonekedwe, isomerism ndi nomenclature

Majini a hydrocarbons (diolefins, alkadienes, dienes) ndi ma hydrocarboni odzaza, omwe ali ndi mawiri awiri. Chifukwa cha mankhwalawa, alkadienes amagawanika kukhala mitundu itatu: mtundu wa I - diolefins ndi cumulated bonds (CH2CCH2); Zachiwiri - alkadienes ali ndi conjugated (conjugated) bonds; Mikangano iwiri mu chikhalidwe cha diene imasiyanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano umodzi (H2SOCH2CH2); Mtundu wa III - dienes ndi zomangira zokha (H2CH2CH2CHCH2).

Mafuta a hydrocarboni: maonekedwe ambiri

Pa mitundu itatu ya dienes, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa makampaniwa ndi mtundu wachiwiri alkadienes. Mothandizidwa ndi electron diffraction zinakhazikitsidwa kuti zida ziwiri zomwe zimapezeka mu butadiene molecule pakati pa C1 ndi C4 ndizitali kuposa mu ethylene molecule.

Mafuta a hydrocarbon: isomerism

Kwa mankhwalawa, pali mitundu iŵiri ya isomerism - malo (stereoisomerism) ndi zomangamanga. Yoyamba ndizovuta zogwirizana ndi makina a hydrocarbon, omwe angakhale owongoka kapena nthambi. Mtundu wachiwiri wa isomerism ndi chifukwa cha malo omwe ali ndi ma atomu ndi magulu a atomiki pafupi ndi maunyolo awiri. Choncho, ma transenes ndi cis-isomers a dienes amapangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, poyerekeza ndi njira ya C5H8, pali mitundu itatu yokha:

CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2; CH2C (CH3) CHCH2; CH3CH2CH2CH2.

Mafuta a hydrocarbons: nomenclature

Kwa dzina la dienes ma nomenclatures awiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito - mbiri (mwachitsanzo, kugawa, alen) ndi IUPAC (International Union of Theory and Applied Chemistry). Malinga ndi dzina la IUPAC, chiwerengero cha alkane chotchedwa diene choyamba chimatchulidwa koyamba, dzina limene "suffix" likutchulidwanso ndi "diene", ndipo zizindikirozo zimasonyeza malo omwe amamanga maulendo awiri a hydrocarbon. Chiwerengero cha makina a hydrocarbon akuchitidwa kuti chiwerengerocho chikhale chochepa kwambiri. Zomwe zili pamwambapa za dzina la IUPAC zidzatchulidwa kuti: 1,4-pentadiene; 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene; 1,3-pentadiene.

Pali njira zambiri zamakampani ndi ma laboratory zomwe zimayambitsa dienes. Zowona ndizo zowonongeka kwa mphira (zachilengedwe zowuma), njira yothandizira kuchepa kwa alkanes, njira yowonongeka kwa mowa wambiri wa monohydric.

Butadiene ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri popanga synthetic rubbers (butadiene-nitrile, butadiene, styrene), komanso perchlorovinyl. Isoprene ndi chinthu chokoma kwambiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, isoprene imapezeka kuchokera ku rabala yachilengedwe mwa njira yopuma distillation. Isoprene imapangidwanso ndi kutaya madzi kwa isopentane. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala opangira mankhwala, mankhwala ndi mankhwala onunkhira.

Mitunduyi imakhala yokongola kwambiri komanso yamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe (mphira) komanso njira zothandizira (synthetic). Maziko a mphira ndi mamolekyu odzaza ndi conjugated awiri mgwirizano. Pakukonzekera zinthu izi za sulfure ndi kutentha (vulcanization), mphira umapangidwa. Mitengoyi ndi yofunika kwambiri popanga matayala ndi zipinda, mipiringidzo yothandizira, mabokosi a mphira, nsapato ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafakitale, chuma, moyo, mankhwala ndi mankhwala owona zanyama.

Ma hydrocarboni a Ethylene m'mapangidwe awo ali ndi mgwirizano umodzi. Nthaŵi zina mankhwala ameneŵa amatchedwa olefins, chifukwa chakuti m'munsi mwa gaseous alkenes, mukuchita ndi chlorine kapena bromine, amapanga mankhwala odzola omwe alibe madzi.

Mavitamini a hydrocarboni (alkynes) ndi makompyuta omwe ali ndi mgwirizano umodzi. Mtengo wapamwamba wa alkynes onse ndi acetylene, umene umapezeka ndi kugwirizana kwa calcium carbide ndi madzi. Mpweya umenewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito powotchera komanso kudulidwa kwazitsulo. Acetylene ndizofunika kwambiri popanga ethylene, ethyl mowa, acetaldehyde, vinylacetylene, acetate, benzene, trichloroethane, acrylonitrile.