Kashiamu carbide

Chifukwa cha zimene zimachitika mpweya ndi zitsulo pa carbides mkulu temperaturahpoluchayutsya. Mwachitsanzo, calcium carbide: Ca + 2C → CaC2. Wa carbides zonse izo phindu kwambiri zothandiza. Koyera CaC2 - bwino loumitsira olimba, timibulu colorless anapanga ayoni Ca2 + ndipo C2-. maina ake ena - kashiamu acetylide kapena kashiamu carbide. Molar misa ndi wofanana 64,1 g / Mole. Si oyaka osati sungunuka aliyense mankhwala a amadziwika ndi linawola ndi zochita za madzi. kachulukidwe ake ndi 2,22 g / cm³. Limatsogolera kutentha anali 2160 ° C ndi kuwira - 2300 ° C. Mlingo wa chikoka pa thupi ndi mankhwala owopsa kwambiri (1 kalasi ngozi).

Choyamba kashiamu acetylide linakonzedwa mu 1862 ndi German sayansi Fridrihom Velerom pamene usavutike ndi aloyi makala nthaka ndi calcium. Iwo anafotokoza zimene kashiamu carbide ndi H2O. Ngakhale ndi kuda ake (mwachitsanzo, mumlengalenga chinyezi) kashiamu carbide amachitira mwamphamvu ndi kutulutsidwa kwa wambirimbiri kutentha. Koma vuto la kusowa kwa madzi chifukwa autoignition acetylene angayambe. Kashiamu carbide mwamphamvu amachitira ndi zidulo sitimadzipereka zochita kupanga ndi njira amadzimadzi alkalis. Izi ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa acetylene. Kukhala amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila, CaC2 angathe kubwezeretsa oxides onse chitsulo carbides kapena zitsulo koyera.

Kupeza kashiamu carbide si yabwino chifukwa cha calcium, ndi okusayidi ake. Pa kutentha (kuchokera 2000 mpaka 2300 ° C) ndi kuchira ake. Zitsulo ndi mpweya ogwirizana: CaO + 3C → NKHA ↑ + CaC2. Dongosololi chikuchitika mu magetsi Arc ng'anjo, mmene ndi incandescent osakaniza a mandimu mofulumira ndi coke kapena anthracite. The mafuta ndi wachikuda, ali ndi mtundu grayish, popeza ali ndi zosafunika mu mawonekedwe a ufulu mpweya, oxide ndi sulfide, calcium phosphide ndi mankhwala ena mankhwala. Misa kachigawo CaC2 m'menemo chawonetsedwa 80-85%.

Mu zimene carbides ndi mayimidwe madzi kapena zitsulo, kapena acetylene. Malinga ndi chimake chachiwiri amachitira ndi madzi kashiamu carbide. Acetylene, chifukwa anachita kuti n'lofunika mafakitale: 2H2O + CaC2 → C2H2 + Ca (o) 2, ndi luso ndipo ali chinthu chosangalatsa fungo, popeza ali chiwerengero cha zodetsa (NH3, H2S, PH3, etc.). Ngakhale mawonekedwe woyera, ndi gasi colorless ndi fungo khalidwe m'malo ofooka, ndipo si sungunuka m'madzi. Nkofunika kupeza kashiamu cyanamide (a zopangira kupanga mankhwala cyanide kapena ntchito ngati manyowa a) carbide mwa kuchita ndi asafe pa anthu aone kuti pali anachita: N2 + → CaCN2 CaC2 + C.

CaC2 Last chimagwiritsidwa ntchito carbide nyali, amene anali ngati gwero la lawi acetylene. Panopa kugwiritsa ntchito gwero kuwala okha makamaka potholing, nawonso ntchito buoys ndi lighthouses. zina zofunika ntchito CaC2 - ndi mankhwala luso, kumene ndi zopangira. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga mankhwala, makamaka iwo ndi kupanga mphira. Komanso kuwapeza kashiamu carbide acetylene wakuda, vinilu enaake, vinilu asidi acetic, acrylonitrile, ethylene, acetone, kupanga resins, styrene. Zitsulo ntchito deoxidization ndi desulfurization zitsulo (kuchepetsa mpweya ndi sulfure, motero). Kashiamu carbide ntchito kwa kupanga zomera zikule yang'anira, ndi carbide ufa reagent (acetylene kuwotcherera).

Kukonzekera wina tani CaC2 limafuna 3 zikwi KW / h magetsi. Choncho, iyesedwa yolungama ndi kukhalapo kwa zotchipa izo. Cacikulu Komabe, kupanga dziko kashiamu carbide ikukula. Ngati mu 70s wa atumwi yapita, chaka kubala matani mamiliyoni 5, m'nthawi yathu, chiwerengero wakula ndi pafupifupi theka. Mwachitsanzo, China, ulimi wa acetylene zochokera kashiamu carbide ndi limene limafotokoza za zipangizo za makampani mankhwala ndi, makamaka kwa kupanga polyvinyl mankhwala enaake. Kupanga acetylene ku nkhani yake yaiwisi ndalama kuposa ntchito mafuta kunja. Choncho, kupanga zake China ikukula. Mu 2005, inafalitsidwa tonnes miliyoni 8,94, ndipo panali mpata waukulu kutulutsa matani 17 miliyoni.

Mosiyana China, United States, Europe ndi Japan carbonaceous kashiamu kudya kawirikawiri amachepetsa. Mlingo wa ulimi ake mu US mu 90s anakwana matani 236 okha zikwi pa chaka. Mu dziko lathu, kashiamu carbide opangidwa malinga specifications ndi akhazikitsidwa mu ISO 1460-81. makasitomala Aika - ndi Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania ndi Slovakia. Chifukwa mkulu mowa mphamvu ya mankhwala mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya mowa magetsi a kashiamu acetylide mu Russia ndi mayiko exporting anagwa ndi theka.