Protists - ichi ... mapangidwe ndi mbali structural

Koyamba, zikuoneka kuti systematics amakono kale anazindikira taxa zonse zazikulu ndi chiyani atagwirizana. Koma si choncho. Inu mwamvapo za mgwirizano woterewu mwadongosolo monga protists? Ngati sichoncho, ndiye nkhani yathu ndi inu.

History of anapeza

Protists - lingaliro kuti anali koyamba mu sayansi German zachilengedwe Ernst Haeckel. Izi zinachitika mu 1886. Pa nthawi imeneyi anali kale awiri maufumu a chilengedwe: zomera ndi nyama. Zonse zamoyo katswiri napita protists. Koma sayansi alibe kuima. Systematics olekanitsidwa zatsopano lalikulu, kulenga taxa. Ndipo mu 1969, ndi zachilengedwe American Roberg Whittaker anafotokoza protists ndi lingaliro lamakono. Mwa njira, wasayansi otchedwa woyambitsa dongosolo "maufumu asanu." Chotero gulu la zamoyo zonse akadali othandizanso.

Kaperekedwe protists

Ndi protists ndi zamoyo zonse, zomwe thupi sangabereke nsalu izi. Ndipo zilibe kanthu momwe iwo anapanga maselo. Kapangidwe The amakhala ndi protists phata. Mwa zomera ndi za algae gulu. protists Heterotrophic amene timapemphera mogwirizana ndi zamoyo gribopodobnymi.

Kapangidwe ka algae ndi

Kufotokozera protists kuyamba ndi zomera woyamba amene anaonekera pa dziko - algae. Ena mwa iwo ndi nthumwi za metazoans. Iwo chlamydomonas ndi chlorella. Ngakhale kuti thupi lawo lonse ukufanizidwa ndi selo imodzi, amachita njira zonse za moyo. kupuma izi kudzera chipolopolo injini ndi bakiteriya udzakhalire ndi, autotrophic zakudya, kubalana anagawa m'magulu awiri kapena sporulation. algae Multicellular zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Mu maselo a thupi lawo ogwirizana anatomically, koma musati kupanga zimakhala. nyumba oterowo wotchedwa Thallus mzaka kapena Thallus.

protists heterotrophic

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu kuti amatha kudya zosakaniza organic wokonzeka. Heterotrophic protists - sanakwatire tating'ono, kapena mogwirizana. Ngakhale dzina, kapangidwe awo ndi kovuta. Chimodzi mwa wamba oimira zosavuta Paramecium caudatum. Monga nyama zonse wagawo awo pamwamba ukufanizidwa ndi plasma Kakhungu ndi pellicle woimira odzaza bedi cytoplasm. organelles Yosatha ya protists awa ali m'mimba ndi contractile vacuole. Woyamba ikuchitika enzymatically kuthetsa zinthu organic, ndipo chachiwiri - lamulo la kuthamanga osmotic ndi madzi ndi kuwombola mchere.

Mu ciliates kumachitika ngakhale ndondomeko zogonana, zimene zimatengera mtundu wa conjugation. Pankhaniyi nyama ziwiri converge anapanga cytoplasmic mlatho, limene phata la mudziwe majini anasinthanitsa pakati pawo. yosiyanasiyana organelles kayendedwe heterotrophic protists. Mu ciliates ndi cilia zambiri Euglena - ndi bakiteriya udzakhalire umodzi. Koma Amoeba Proteus ndipamene protrusions sanali malo a cytoplasm, ndipo amatchedwa pseudopodia, kapena pseudopodia.

Gribopodobnye protists

Gulu la protists paradaiso bowa weniweni. Mwachitsanzo, mauna umaimira thupi labyrinthulomycetes akungoyendayenda plasmodia. Khoma selo imakhala okhwima Oomycetes mapadi. Ndiponso, m'kati asexual kubereka, iwo apanga zoospores yam'manja. zizindikiro izi zikusonyeza kuti polryadka gifohitridievyh, ambiri mwa iwo ndi okhudza maselo ambiri majeremusi wa algae ndi invertebrates.

Wapadera katundu

Protists - ndi zamoyo zimene Mbali zachilendo kwambiri. Zikuphatikizapo pseudopodia gribopodobnyh labyrinthulomycetes. Iwo kuphatikiza ndi nyumba ya ofanana maselo wapafupi kulenga Intaneti lonse. oimira dongosolo Amawapatsa woima protuberance hrizofitovye otchedwa gaptonemoy. Amakhala microtubules, atazunguliridwa ndi njira ya reticulum endoplasmic. Mu dinoflagellates anati dongosolo lawo wapadera phata la, DNA omwe ali nthawizonse mu mkhalidwe spiralizirovannom.

polyphyly Kodi

Nthawi zambiri protists otchedwa polyphyletic gulu, kapena taxon. Izi zikutanthauza kuti imakhala ndi zamoyo kuti atsimikizira kuyandikana ndi akuluakulu a mayunitsi ena taxonomic sali m'gulu ili. Choncho, monga akuimira ufumu nyama, ndi algae - kwa zomera. taxa Polyphyletic Sali mbali ya taxonomy ano, chifukwa owayimilira mulibe kholo limodzi. Zitsanzo za magulu ndi mwankhanzaku nyama kapena mabakiteriya autotrophic.

Choncho, protists - izo eukaryotic zamoyo, zomwe sizidzipezera kupanga zimakhala izi. Mwa iwo amene sali ndi multicellular mitundu, auto- ndi heterotrophs. Oimira yamakono ya protists ndi algae, mogwirizana ndi gribopodobnye zamoyo.